Benefits of using electronic whiteboards as a teaching aid Essay

Advantages of utilizing electronic whiteboards as a showing help - Essay Example It is conceivable to keep up neatness in the earth while utilizing whiteboards, as there are no chalks or dusters. Other than giving the accommodation of utilizing flipcharts, pictures, maps and outlines during exhibition which in any case would not have been conceivable, it mostly gives the accompanying advantages: It fills in as a phenomenal apparatus for meetings to generate new ideas, either in gatherings or study halls, the demonstrator has the advantage of leading inquiry answer meeting in a few different ways, which in the wake of breaking down and guaranteeing that all understudies are partaking, utilizes images or correspondence help to check the appropriate response as obvious or bogus or to move their perspectives on whiteboard for show reason. It is anything but difficult to stand out enough to be noticed, as it is a bright medium. Whiteboard is perfect in circumstances where the PC get to is restricted as it is an intuitive instrument, which works best when there is just a solitary PC in homeroom. While working alongside PC and projector and notwithstanding showing talks or data, it can likewise send that data to all understudies in a class and have the capacity to investigate a theme utilizing Internet alongside the class. Electronic whiteboards help in every day refreshing of exercise plans.

Essential Vocabulary for Air Travel in France

Basic Vocabulary for Air Travel in France Is travel in your future? Is it accurate to say that you are intending to travel to France or another French-talking nation? Study this air terminal jargon to assist you with reserving a spot, purchase tickets, arrange air terminals, and jump on the plane. Bonâ voyage! General Airport Terms carrier: une compagnie aã ©rienneairplane: un avionairport: un aà ©roportArrivals: les arrivã ©esbaggage: les bagagesbaggage guarantee: la livraison des bagagesboarding pass: la carte dembarquementcarry-on gear: les bagages maincart: un chariotchecked baggage: les bagages enregistrã ©scheck-in: lenregistrementcustoms:â la douaneDepartures: les sans dã ©partsduty: une boutique hors taxesearly: en avanceeconomy (mentor) class: la classe à ©cologique, la classe à ©co (casual apocope), la classe touristein economy class: en classe à ©cologique/à ©co/touristefirst class, in top notch: la premiã ¨re classe, en premiã ¨re classeflight: un volgate: une porteimmigration: limmigrationlate: en retardone-way ticket: un billet simplepassport: un passeportplane ticket: le billet davionround trip ticket: un billet aller-retoursecurity check: le contrã'le de sã ©curitã ©shuttle: une navettestopover: une escaleterminal: une aã ©rogarevisa: un visa Individuals traveler: un passagerpilot: le pilotesteward: un stewardstewardess: une hã'tesse de den Travel Verbs to load up: embarquerto purchase a ticket: acheter un billetto process packs: enregistrer (les bagages)to proclaim: dã ©clarerto land: atterrirto reserve a spot: faire une rã ©servationto take off: dã ©coller

Strategies for Communicating With Your Child With ADHD

Strategies for Communicating With Your Child With ADHD ADHD Parenting Print Improving Communication With Your Child With ADHD Simple methods to help your child slow down and pay attention By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 28, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images Communicating with a child who has ADHD presents challenges for parents. Many parents find it frustrating to get their child to slow down, pay attention and follow directions. The problem is compounded if parents themselves also have ADHD. Kirk Martin is executive director of Celebrate!ADHD, an educational organization that provides training for educators, parents, and children affected by ADD, ADHD, autism, sensory integration disorder, oppositional defiance disorder, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other learning or emotional disabilities. It is important to understand that children with ADHD have very busy minds, says Martin. Think of your child’s brain as a city with streets carrying information, impulses, sensory input, teachers lectures, and your directions. But in their city, the traffic lights are not working, creating gridlock and chaos. Communication Tips Since it is essential to communicate more effectively with our children, Martin recommends that parents and teachers try these strategies. Give clear, specific directions.Try to break tasks into one or two steps so they do not feel overwhelming.Give the child choices.Ask questions instead of making statements. This forces a child to stop and think about the alternatives. Use interesting time limits and make it a challenge. Saying, We are leaving in five minutes is meaningless, explains Martin. Instead, ask your child, Do you think we can set a record by picking up all our Legos in three and a half minutes? Martin also encourages parents to speak softly and whisper at times. It helps your child learn to listen more attentively. Instead of requiring your child to maintain eye contact, let your child move around and/or have something in their hands (such as textured objects or fidgets) while you are speaking. This will actually increase attention and retention, Martin says. Sometimes we talk until we are blue in the face and children simply don’t listen. They tune us out instead. Martin recommends visual and auditory reminders to keep a child on task. We teach parents how to use color cards (yellow for slow down, red for stop, green for go) and timers to help children turn off their video games without being asked. How to Communicate During a Temper Tantrum Many parents are unsure how to handle the temper tantrums that can occur when a child becomes extremely frustrated.  Martin encourages parents to look at tantrums as an opportunity to prove their personal integrity. The sooner you show your child that their tantrums cannot control you, the sooner they will stop throwing them. The most effective way to calm an emotional child is for us to be calm. When your child is having a meltdown, you need to be the calm rock in their life. No matter how much their world is spinning out of control, you need to show them that you, the adult in their life, are in control and that everything is okay. And they need to recognize that you are so emotionally strong that even their wildest tantrum cannot move you.” Martin explains that when we give in or try to bribe our children, they learn that they cannot count on us. They learn that we can be manipulated or embarrassed by screaming and crying. This causes even more insecurity and instability. Children with ADHD have great chaos inside, so they need order and structure on the outside, says Kirk Martin. So when your child loses it, seek first to control yourself and remain calm. Because your child has become emotional, he is irrational. And it is impossible to reason with an irrational person. Martin counsels parents to draw the child into their calmness. Sit down and begin to color with crayons, read a magazine, water your plants, cook. Invite him into your calm. This will freak him out at first  because he is used to seeing you get upset. What you are communicating, though, is (1) Your actions cannot control or manipulate me and (2) No matter how out of control you may feel, I am a rock you can count on. Parents may then calmly let their child know they are available when the screaming and acting out stops. Martin gives an example of what a parent may say: When you are ready to talk, I’m all ears. But I can’t hear what you are screaming at me and your tantrum will not get what you want. A Word From Verywell Communicating well with kids is essential, no matter the childs diagnosis. If your child has ADHD or other learning or attention issues, communication can be challenging. Miscommunication and frustration can lead to tantrums. But as a parent, you can help your child learn to listen and focus with smart suggestions, statements, and questions that promote understanding. Make Your Own Fidget Toys, Weighted Items, and More

Did Antonio Meucci Invent the Telephone

Who was the first inventor of the telephone and would Antonio Meucci have won his case against  Alexander Graham Bell  if he had lived to see it adjudicated? Bell  was the first person to patent the telephone, and his company was the first to bring telephone services successfully to the marketplace. But people are passionate in putting forward other inventors who deserve the credit. These include Meucci, who accused Bell of stealing his ideas. Another example is  Elisha Gray,  who  almost patented the telephone before Alexander Graham Bell did. There are a few other inventors who have invented or claimed a telephone system  including  Johann Philipp Reis, Innocenzo Manzetti, Charles Bourseul, Amos Dolbear, Sylvanus Cushman, Daniel Drawbaugh, Edward Farrar, and James McDonough. Antonio Meucci and the Patent Caveat for the Telephone Antonio Meucci filed a patent caveat for a telephone device in December of 1871. Patent caveats according to the law were a description of an invention, intended to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent was applied for, and operated as a bar to the issue of any patent to any other person regarding the same invention. Caveats lasted one year and were renewable. They are no longer issued. Patent caveats were much less costly than a full patent application and required a less detailed description of the invention. The U.S. Patent Office would note the subject matter of the caveat and hold it in confidentiality. If within the year another inventor filed a patent application for a similar invention, the Patent Office notified the holder of the caveat, who then had three months to submit a formal application. Antonio Meucci did not renew his caveat after 1874, and Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent in March of 1876. It should be pointed out that a caveat does not guarantee that a patent will be granted, or what the scope of that patent will be. Antonio Meucci was granted fourteen patents for other inventions, which leads me to question the reasons that Meucci did not file a patent application for his telephone, when patents were granted to him in 1872, 1873, 1875, and 1876. Author Tom Farley says, Like Gray, Meucci claims Bell stole his ideas. To be true, Bell must have falsified every notebook and letter he wrote about coming to his conclusions. That is, it is not enough to steal, you must provide a false story about how you came along on the path to discovery. You must falsify each step toward invention. Nothing in Bells writing, character, or his life after 1876 suggest he did so, indeed, in the more than 600 lawsuits which involved him, no one else was credited for inventing the telephone. In 2002, the U.S. House of Representatives passed Resolution 269, Sense of the House Honoring the Life and Achievements of 19th Century Italian-American Inventor Antonio Meucci. Congressman Vito Fossella who sponsored the bill told the press, Antonio Meucci was a man of vision whose enormous talents led to the invention of the telephone, Meucci began work on his invention in the mid-1880s, refining and perfecting the telephone during his many years living on Staten Island.  However, I do not interpret the carefully worded resolution to mean that Antonio Meucci invented the first telephone or that Bell had stolen Meuccis design and deserved no credit. Are politicians now our historians? The issues between Bell and Meucci were headed to trial and that trial never happened, we do not know what the outcome would have been. Antonio Meucci was an accomplished inventor and deserves our recognition and respect. He patented other inventions. I respect those who have a different opinion than me. Mine is that several inventors independently worked on a telephone device and that Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent his and was the most successful in bringing the telephone to market. I invite my readers to draw their own conclusions.   Meucci Resolution - H.Res.269 Here is a plain English synopsis and extracts with the whereas language of the resolution removed. You can read the full version on the Congress.gov website. He immigrated to New York from Cuba and worked on a creating an electronic communications project he called the teletrofono that linked different rooms and floors of his house on Staten Island. But he exhausted his savings and couldnt commercialize his invention, though he demonstrated his invention in 1860 and had a description of it published in New Yorks Italian language newspaper. Antonio Meucci never learned English well enough to navigate the complex American business community. He was unable to raise sufficient funds to pay his way through the patent application process, and thus had to settle for a caveat, a one-year renewable notice of an impending patent, which was first filed on December 28, 1871. Meucci later learned that the Western Union affiliate laboratory reportedly lost his working models, and Meucci, who at this point was living on public assistance, was unable to renew the caveat after 1874. In March 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, who conducted experiments in the same laboratory where Meuccis materials had been stored, was granted a patent and was thereafter credited with inventing the telephone. On January 13, 1887, the Government of the United States moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation, a case that the Supreme Court found viable and remanded for trial. Meucci died in October 1889, the Bell patent expired in January 1893, and the case was discontinued as moot without ever reaching the underlying issue of the true inventor of the telephone entitled to the patent. Finally, if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell. Antonio Meucci - Patents 1859 - US Patent No. 22,739 - candle mold1860 - US Patent No. 30,180 - candle mold1862 - US Patent No. 36,192 - lamp burner1862 - US Patent No. 36,419 - improvement in treating kerosene1863 - US Patent No. 38,714 -  improvement in preparing hydrocarbon liquid1864 - US Patent No. 44,735 - improved process for removing mineral, gummy, and resinous substances from vegetables1865 - US Patent No. 46,607 - improved method of making wicks1865 - US Patent No. 47,068 - improved process for removing mineral, gummy, and resinous substances from vegetables1866 - US Patent No. 53,165 - improved process for making paper-pulp from wood1872 - US Patent No. 122,478 - improved method of manufacturing effervescent drinks from fruits1873 - US Patent No. 142,071 - improvement in sauces for food1875 - US Patent No. 168,273 - method of testing milk1876 - US Patent No. 183,062 - hygrometer1883 - US Patent No. 279,492 - plastic paste

Top Choices of Why Brown Essay Samples That Worked

Top Choices of Why Brown Essay Samples That Worked The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. This essay is dealing with the several pros and cons of employing a low-cost essay support. Summary Hiring an affordable essay service may be perfect option for students at one time crunch. Should you need additional assistance with editing and revising, there are a couple free tools readily available online. Make certain to read your essay and make certain it is logical. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. Of all Of the kinds of essay, writing a brief essay may appear to be the easiest. Writing a persuasive essay can be hard because you're not merely presenting the research materials you've gathered but you're trying to influence your readers. For instance, the price of a persuasive essay will differ from a proposal essay. Our objective is to supply you with a professionally written essay on this issue you require. At this time, you may just be thinking that you're finished with your essay, but you're not. Should you do, your essay or answer is going to be truncated. The best strategy is to stay relaxed and focused. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. This distinguishing quality of this essay demands the writer to deliver his points in a concise way. It is far better read through several narrative essay examples in order to get the one which best matches the format that you're writing your essay in. The Basics of Why Brown Essay Samples That Worked In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each and every student. Thus, it is not just the perfect place for me, it is the only place for me. Brown already knows they're unique due to their open curriculum. It's not sufficient to say, I wish to go to Brown because of its uniquely flexible curriculum. Many people think that high school entrance essays are rather less difficult to write than college entrance essays, that's the reason there are fewer places where you are able to get assistance with higher school entrance essays. Scholarship providers would never tell you exactly what they are searching for in an essay. If you wish to be one of those admitted students, you will need to compose amazing Brown essays as a piece of your application. Once uploaded, their application materials can subsequently be accessed by high school students that are getting ready for the college application approach. The school would like you to know they are embracing all sexual orientations, and if you're open to discussing your own history and identity, don't hesitate to share your story. The brief essay is just 250 words, so aim to concentrate your interests on no more than two areas. As an example, perhaps you've lived in many diverse nations and believe your international experiences mig ht help encourage other people to explore interests outside their comfort zones. It is a great idea to inform your story because the admission essay is just the way for you to speak to the admission committee without facing them. Whatever They Told You About Why Brown Essay Samples That Worked Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The principal portion of a brief essay is known as the body. While the focus is largely on your side, there's also a discussion about the opposing side which goes far beyond a single sentence or a paragraph. Let's look at each one of the Brown essay questions and go over how you are able to write something meaningful for each. Let's have a peek at its advantages and disadvantages. What Why Brown Essay Samples That Worked Is - and What it Is Not Describe the way your work at the same school will affect your work at the other. At McCormick, I am going to be able to take part in projects my very first calendar year, which will offer valuable hands-on experie nce. This finding was shown to be almost the precise opposite of what admissions officers from Stanford were seeking. PLME is a distinctive program, so highlight the reason why this model is the best fit for you. Before you turn in your assignment, you are going to want to appear over it one final moment. This advice should offer you a better idea of the way to approach the supplemental questions for Brown University. There are lots of numbers to consider. If you merely wished to study something different, you'd apply to Brown. The Why Brown Essay Samples That Worked Stories The trickiest part is usually choosing the activity you need to speak about. Look through the list of topics cautiously and start making a mental collection of the evidence you may use on topics you want. The author starts with a rather comprehensive story of an event or description of an individual or place. Go through the list below.

Fish- Beneath the Surface (An article for ‘Future of Fish’ magazine) Free Essays

Natural cod stocks going down. There has been much press coverage of the decline in natural cod stocks due to over fishing in the North Sea. I like my cod and chips and so was quite concerned about this. We will write a custom essay sample on Fish- Beneath the Surface (An article for ‘Future of Fish’ magazine) or any similar topic only for you Order Now It may be too late to get the numbers back up to 1970’s levels but less documented by the press, is the rapid growth of mariculture, the cultivation of marine organisms for food, which retailers say could ‘revolutionise the fishing industry’ (2). I visited the Manx Mariculture fish hatchery to investigate the principles behind fish farming and soon discovered that it was not without its problems. As my guide, Rick Fullerton, explained, a bacterial problem in the live feed meant that the hatchery faced a crisis in the year 2006 when only a few hundred cod were produced instead of the target 1 million. This is a common problem in mariculture and there is the potential for exciting new developments in the production of live feed which could eliminate this problem in the future. Use of live feed as an answer Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/muscular-system-muscle-metabolism/embed/#?secret=yfxEk13HKS" data-secret="yfxEk13HKS" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe In order to kill bacteria, live feed may be disinfected or treated with UV rays (6). A recent study (Cutts, Sherwood and Treasurer) showed that bacterial numbers were lower in tanks of live feed treated with Pyceze, often used as a disinfectant of water and a preservative in cosmetic products, and the survival of larvae was 6.1% higher (6). Other future developments in the production of live feed may include using rotifers which match the nutritional requirements of the larvae. This could be achieved by finding new methods of enrichment. Research in collaboration with Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) has been carried out into developing enrichment methods using vitamin C, bacteria and fungi (7). Rotifers: These multicellular animals are 200-300à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m in length and are kept at a density of around 1500 per ml (3). They supply the nutritional requirements of fish larvae by retaining nutrients which are then passed on to the larvae (5), ensuring rapid growth. As I go round, a putrid smell laces the air. Dark and bitter, it hangs heavily in the small room. The humidity makes it difficult to breath. Four tanks prevail to one side, overbearing. This is the live feed room of the Manx Mariculture fish hatchery. I peer closer to make out the reptilian green contents of the tanks. Here, rotifers, used as live feed, are grown in aerated tanks on a diet of yeast and algae at 25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C (3), optimum conditions for growth. The cod and turbot larvae farmed at the site are reared on these for up to 20 days during which time it is not possible to produce food pellets small enough for their consumption. To small to be seen with the naked eye, rotifers are an excellent replacement of the fish’s natural diet, zooplankton (copepods) and they are enriched to supply the nutritional requirements of the larvae. Nutrition in the diet is essential in ensuring optimum growth. Brine shrimps: With my knowledge of cod limited to its appearance in a plastic take-out box, the sight of the fish at 20 days, with their dark silken bodies deftly navigating the water, surprises me. At this age, they are around 7-8 mm in length and are fed for a further 20 days on brine shrimp, or Artemia, 500-700 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m in length (3). By using a specially formulated diet for the Artemia, their nutritional content is increased to maximise the growth of the larvae. This also reduces pigmentation problems in the turbot, a species of fish I had not previously heard of. My first impression of them is that they bear a certain resemblance to the shape of a stingray. They line the bottom of the holding tanks, their slender bodies overlapping, producing a carpet of shimmering grey. A tight ship: Nevertheless, live feed production is extremely expensive. To improve efficiency at Manx Mariculture, rotifer production is carried out as a continuous process. Future developments are needed in the production and reliability of rotifer and Artemia whilst reducing the cost of the feeds. Recent studies (Lubzens E, Zmora O, Barr Y, 2001) have shown that the rotifers, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, are two species of rotifer most suited to mariculture. Fish and chips – a change of diet As cod are cannibalistic, grading is carried out at 2 to 4 months using filters of increasing width to separate out different sizes into different tanks. This increases the survival rate of smaller, weaker cod which may not have survived in the wild. As it is not economically viable to produce live feed in large amounts as the fish mature, they are weaned off this and onto a diet of hard fishmeal pellets. This is achieved by gradually increasing the ratio of hard pellets to live food, fed once a day using automated feeders suspended above the tanks. Made from smaller species of fish and crustaceans unfit for human consumption, standard fishmeal has a content of 65-67% protein and 12% fat (8). There may be some dispute over the validity of this data as it is from an internet site and the source is not clear, therefore it cannot be guaranteed that the information is entirely accurate. Fishmeal contains proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins but very little carbohydrate. Its close composition to that of the fish’s natural diet makes it an excellent alternative (8). Fishmeal increases feed efficiency and growth due to a greater nutrient uptake and absorption. It also provides a high amount of energy per unit weight (8). Lipids in the diet provide phospholipids and fatty acids required for optimum growth and development. They are also important in the structure and function of cell membranes. They can be easily digested and have a high energy content which is important as the diet contains little carbohydrate. This is most likely because there is limited availability of carbohydrates in marine environments (9). If the diet does not provide enough energy, protein needed for growth will be broken down instead which increases the costs of fish farming. Protein is needed in the diet as it provides the 10 essential amino acids which the fish cannot synthesis. Fishmeal also contains minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and vitamins including the B-complex (8). There are, however, ethical concerns over the use of fishmeal as some argue that for every tonne of farmed fish produced, 5 tonnes of fishmeal are used in the process. On the other hand, fishmeal can be seen to reduce pollution to the environment as there is increased nutrient uptake by the fish (8). Green issues Further environmental concerns which surround fish farming include the pollution caused by waste being discharged into the sea. However, made up of fish waste and undigested food, this is natural and it does not cause major problems or damage to marine environments (3). This likely to be accurate and precise information as Nick Fullerton is a professional with a degree in biology and has had many years experience in mariculture. The energy cost of running the hatchery which includes pumping water 24 hours day and the continuous monitoring probes must also be taken into account when considering the environmental implications of fish farming. A breath of fresh air Continuing my tour, I am shown the large round tanks where the fish are held. A strange looking square device sits on the surface of the water. Consisting of a flimsy plastic frame, it looks unimportant, however, it has the potential to raise the survival of the fish by 90% (3). This is a surface skimmer which cleans the surface of the water by blowing air over it to remove the oily film which would otherwise build up. When the surface is clear, young fish are able to gulp air in order to inflate the swim bladder, an organ in bony fish used for buoyancy. As the fish rely on the water in order to breathe and grow, the water quality can have a huge impact on the success of fish farming (10). The seawater in the hatchery is filtered through filters only 1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m thick in order to remove most harmful bacteria and parasites and the continuous flow maintains the water quality (3). Bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Oceanospirillum, Marinobactera and Paracoccus are common in marine environments (11). Much more impressive are the electronic probes which measure oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia levels and pH. However, water is not recirculated otherwise very strict controls would have to be enforced on water quality (3). Oxygen, required for aerobic respiration, is kept at a concentration of 8 mg per litre, or almost 100% saturation (At 20 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, normal pressure and in freshwater, 9.1 mg/L = 100% saturation (12)). Fish require a high concentration of oxygen because they are very active and have a high metabolism. The oxygen concentration is increased when stress levels are elevated such as during transport. This causes the heart rate to increase and so the fish to take in more oxygen. Carbon dioxide levels are kept below 5 parts per million (ppm) and ammonia which is excreted by the fish is kept below 0.02 ppm. PH is ideally kept between 6.5 and 9.0 (10). More advanced probes are being developed but these advancements are limited by cost. Temperature is kept around 7-8à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C for cod and slightly warmer for turbot. These temperatures are maintained by 3 water inlets to each tank of cold, heated and ambient water. Hot water is not used due to the high cost, especially as the water is not recirculated. Food for thought The ethics of keeping the fish at high stocking densities needs to be considered, however, it can also be seen that their survival is much higher than in the wild. At 50 days, this is 20-30% compared with less than 1% in the wild (3). Turbot even appear to thrive at high densities (13) as this is natural to them in a marine environment on the ocean floor. This is likely to be valid information as it comes from an educational source although, published in 1992, it is not up-to-date. Another concern is that if farmed fish escape and breed with wild stock, the genetic strain may be weakened as farmed cod have lost much of their natural awareness (3). Help or hindrance? Mariculture is growing worldwide at a rate of 5% annually (14) but is it actually accomplishing its aim of increasing fish stock? The use of fishmeal in fish farming means that it relieves pressure on one species only to transfer it to others. It can be argued that the numbers of other species of fish removed from the ocean in order to feed farmed fish mean that the problem is not solved. Furthermore, depleted stocks of other species may disrupt complex food webs in marine ecosystems as ‘population dynamics, competition for food and patterns of predation’ are changed (15). How to cite Fish- Beneath the Surface (An article for ‘Future of Fish’ magazine), Papers

Jazz free essay sample

Lamellar Jazz Is a genre of music that originated In African American countless during the late 19th and early 20th century. It emerged in many parts of the united States in the form of independent popular musical styles, and it is linked with African American and European American music. Jazz since its birth have changed and faced with improvisations starting from ragtime till the modern style of the Jazz. The birth of Jazz in the multicultural society of America has led intellectuals from around the world to treat Jazz as one of Americas original art forms . 4] Prominent jazz musician Louis Armstrong observed: At one time they were calling it levee camp music, then in my day it was ragtime. When I got up North I commenced to hear about jazz, Chicago style, Dixieland, swing. All refinements of what we played in New Orleans There anti nothing new. [5] Or as jazz musician J. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page J. Johnson put It In a 1988 Interview: Jazz Is restless. It wont stay put and It never Although jazz is considered difficult to define, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements.The centrality of improvisation in Jazz is attributed o influential earlier forms of music: Jazz is often characterized as the product of group creativity, interaction, and collaboration, which places varying degrees of value on the contributions of composer Of there Is one) and performers. [12] In jazz, the skilled performer will Interpret a tune In very Individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice: depending upon the performers mood and personal experience, interactions with other musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will. 13] Ragtime (1890-1910) The abolition of slavery in 1865 led to new opportunities for the education of freed African Americans. Although strict segregati on limited employment opportunities for most blacks, many were able to find work in entertainment. Black musicians were able to provide entertainment in dances, minstrel shows, and in vaudeville, during which time many marching bands were formed. Black pianists played In bars, clubs and brothels, as ragtime Its cardinal trait Is Its syncopated, or ragged, rhythm. 2] It began as dance music In the red-light districts of African American communities Cakewalk a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize Is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks. Characteristic march a march the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches. Two-step a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps. Slow drag another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags. Icon song a pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in blackjack. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. Strongly associated with ragtime in its day, it is one of the things that gave ragtime a bad name. Ragtime song the vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the icon song.Though this was the form of music most commonly considered ragtime in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the popular music category. Irving Berlin was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his Alexander Ragtime Band (1911) was the single most widely reformed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation. Gene Greene was a famous singer in this style.Folk ragtime a name often used to describe ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did. Folk rags often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training. Was consisted of: African American folk music, Work song Guitar, Bass, Piano, Harmonica, Double bass, Drums, Saxophone, Vocals, Trumpet, Trombone Tone: Rhythmic, swaying, swinging, hyper Defining elements: Call-and-response format, cyclical, standard chord structures, focus on the guitarist/vocalist, simple chord progressions. Blues Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre,[60] which originated in African-American communities of primarily the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from their spirituals, work songs, field hollers,shouts and chants and rhymed simple narrative ballads. [61] The term may have come from the term blue devils, meaning melancholy songs, songster styles, church music, ragtime). Most musicians would say that Jazz is not Jazz without blues.Many of the rural blues of the Deep South are stylistically an extension and merger of basically two broad accompanied song-style traditions in the west central Satanic belt: A strongly Arabic/lactic song style, as found for example among the Hausa. It is characterized by Melissa, WA. Y intonation, pitch instabilities within a pentatonic framework, and a declamatory voice. More rhythmic style of blues W. C. Handy: early published blues[edit] WAC Handy age 19, 1892 W. C. Handy became intrigued with the folk blues of the Deep South while traveling elodea range was limited, sounding like a field holler.

Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essays

Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essays Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essay Assessing Leadership Skills Essay Essay This paper will supply information about the theoretical attacks that I will utilize to heighten my leading effectivity. it will discourse my leading manner and the ground I choose the manner. This paper will besides explicate the leading accomplishments and qualities I already possess. with the accomplishments and qualities that need betterment. along with how to implement the leadership/follower interaction to better the organisation where I would wish to work. and eventually depict one point of action that I’ve learned from my Self Insight documents. that will include a description of how each point will be implemented. Let’s Begin by specifying leading ; leading is the influence relationship among leaders and followings who intend existent alterations and results that reflect their shared intents. ( Draft. 2011. p. 5 ) Leadership is a people activity and is different from administrative paper work or planning activities. Leadership happens wi th people. it is non something done to people. ( Draft. 2011. p. 6 ) The theoretical attacks that I will utilize to heighten my leading effectivity will be to integrate the democratic leading manner ; along with the Fiedler’s Contingency Model. The democratic manner of leading delegate’s authorization to others encourages engagement. relies on subordinates’ cognition for completion of undertakings and depends on subsidiaries respect for others. ( Draft. 2011. p. 44 ) Democratic leading manner is similar to Theory Y Democratic leaders treat subsidiaries as to the full capable of making the work on their ain. Democratic leaders work with subsidiaries they encourage. they treat each one reasonably. They don’t set anyone down. they see themselves as ushers. They give suggestions. instead than seeking to alter them. Democratic leaders provide information. in their rating they give nonsubjective congratulations and unfavorable judgment. ( Northouse. 2009 ) Although a Democratic leader will do the concluding determination. he/she encourage other members of the squad to hold a say in the determination devising procedure. This non merely hike occupation satisfaction by linking employees or squad members in what’s traveling on. but it besides help to develop people’s accomplishments. Employees and squad members feel in control of their ain fate. such as the publicity they deserve and so are motivated to work hard by more than merely a fiscal wages. As engagement takes clip. this attack can take to things go oning more easy but frequently the terminal consequence is better. The attack can be most suited where squad work is indispensable and quality is more of import than velocity to market productiveness. ( Bhatti. N. et. Al. 2012 ) The results of democratic leaders are largely positive. first it consequences in greater group member satisfaction. committedness. and coherence. Second. there is more friendliness. common prattles. and group mindedness. The teams members interact with each other in a positive mode. and the end is has the group in head with doing we statements opposed to I stat ements. Last. democratic leaders result in stronger worker motive and greater creativeness. and under a democratic leader group members participate more and are more committed to group determinations Fiedler’s Contingency Model ; this theoretical account was designed to enable leaders to name both leading manner and organisational state of affairs. ( Draft. 2011. p. 68 ) This theoretical account was besides designed to name whether or non the leader is task oriented or relationship oriented and fit the leader manner to the state of affairs. The Tasks oriented people are end oriented. They want to accomplish. Their work in meaningful. they are actors. Then we have Relationship oriented people they find intending in being instead than making. Like the democratic manner. relationship oriented people they want to be connected to people. There is besides Task leading and Relationship leading. Task relationship behaviours facilitate ends achievements ; they are behaviours that aid group mem bers to accomplish their aims. while relationship leading behaviour aid subordinates experience comfy with themselves. with each other. and with the state of affairs which they find themselves. The ground why I choose these theoretical accounts is because they best fit my leading manner. and I think it’s a productive manner of leading. In using this accomplishment I‘m ale to listen to other position. and welcome an mixture of declarations. My best leading qualities are in the class of a transformational leader. Transformational leaders are a leader that influences. inspire. move and literally transform followings to accomplish organisational ends beyond their opportunisms therefore originating about positive alteration. They besides introduce new concern theoretical accounts. merchandises and services because of their ability to make new organisational visions. schemes. civilizations. and structures through committed followings. Transformational leaders positively change follower’s lives. raising liquors and even the committedness to moralss and morality ( Weiss. J. ( 2011 ) My penchant would be a transformational leader because they deal more with the individual instead than the undertaking. They build relationships with their squad members. they encourage and motivate. and I think that their followings will acquire more work done because of the resonance that is made with the squad. Another quality that I posses is â€Å"Stewardship† stewardship involves the support and belief that leaders are profoundly accountable to others every bit good as to the organisation. without seeking to command others. specify significance and intent for others. or take attention of others. I’m in favour of this type of leading because it allows the people to make the work without being micro managed. There are four constituents to this manner of leading. reorient towards partnership premises. place determinations and power to those closest to the work and the client. acknowledge and honor the value of labour. and anticipate nucleus work squads to construct t he organisation. ( Draft. 2011. p. 176 ) By utilizing these methods the leader is to take the organisation taking control of the follower. They are able to work together in harmoniousness with squad members. By utilizing the stewardship method you are able to handle team members as spouses. by sharing power. and keeping control over their ain work. This theoretical account besides allows relationships to organize between leaders and followings that will lend to the organisations success. Independent believing refers to believing. oppugning premises. and construing informations and events. harmonizing to one’s ain beliefs. thoughts. non harmonizing to prestablished regulations. modus operandis or classs defined by others. ( Draft. 2011. p. 138 ) I’ve ever been an independent mind. I’m non the type of individual that agrees with people for credence. or merely to travel along with the most popular reply. I’m really opinionated. and I’m able to acquire my positions across without being rude or mean. In my current place. I have to ever be watchful. and able to believe critically because systems are ever altering Although I fell that I’m a good overall leader my weakest accomplishments falls under disposal accomplishments. disposal accomplishments. Administrative accomplishments are those competences a leader needs to run an organisation in order to transport out the organisations purpose and ends. Administrative accomplishments are divided into three classs: managing people. pull offing resources. and demoing proficient competency. ( Northouse. 2009 ) I work good with people but covering with administrative undertaking has ever been an issue for me. I’m non the best typist. nor am I good organized. Since going a pupil at AU I’ve go more organized. Another quality in demand of betterment trades with system believing. System believing means the ability to see the synergism of the whole instead than merely the separate elements of a system and larn to reenforce or alter whole system forms. ( Draft. 2011. p. 142 ) The leadership/follower interaction that I would implement to better the organisation where I would wish to work is leader follower coaction. In the leader follower coaction leaders and followings have more in common than they think. In my ideal work topographic point I would utilize this theoretical account as the design for my company. Get downing phases of a undertaking or assignment. The leader and follower functions differ significantly in the initial phases of a undertaking. The leader should supply way in the signifier of range. nonsubjective. outlooks. restrictions and guidelines while the follower should inquire inquiries to guarantee understanding and should lend to the undertaking or assignment definition as appropriate. Middle phases of a undertaking or assignment. The leader and follower functions exhibit greater similarities during the in-between phases of a undertaking. This is where the majority of work occurs. Leadership should switch. based upon who possesses the appropriate cognition or expertness. With self-importances in cheque. leaders should allow. and even promote. followings to originate thoughts and sentiments. With cowardliness in cheque. followings should exercise leading by offering thoughts and sentiments. If leader and follower can carry through these new functions. a high grade of coaction will happen and project success will increase. Concluding phases of a undertaking or assignment In this phase. leader and follower functions once more differ. It is up to the leader to specify the terminal of one undertaking and the beginning of the following. For optimum acquisition. leader and follower might collaboratively prosecute in a â€Å"lessons learned† duologue. ( Don Grayson A ; Ryan Speckhart ) What I’ve learned from my Self Insight Papers is that I might be a spot timid in my leading ability. I thought that I was a good leader but it seems as though that I still have some work to make. Prior to taking this class I thought that I was a really good leader. but it seems as though I have a batch to work to make to better my leading accomplishments. In making an appraisal of my strengths and failings. I realized that in order to go a more effectual leader I will hold to go much more confident in certain countries. The countries that betterment is needed is in my motive techniques. I thought that I encouraged my squad in a positive mode. but what I realized is that I’m making the majority of the work while promoting. what sense does that do? I have to put lineations and let my squad members to do errors. and learn from them. Because we get paid by public presentation is likely why I do that. As a leader. you can develop anchor to accept personal duty for accomplishing the desired results. traveling against the position quo. and standing up for what you believe. You can larn to force beyond your comfort zone and interruption through the frights that bound you. ( Draft. 2011. p. 182 ) That statement amounts it up for me. If a leader can populate by that statement everyone will profit in the terminal. In decision this paper has defined leading. identified the accomplishments and qualities I possess. in add-on to the qualities that need betterment. every bit good as how to implement the leadership/follower interaction to better the organisation where I would wish to work. and eventually depict one point of action that I’ve learned from my Self Insight documents. that will include a description of how each point will be implemented. MentionsBhatti. N. . Maitlo. G. M. . Shaikh. N. . Hashmi. M. A. . A ; Shaikh. F. M. ( 2012 ) . The impact of bossy and democratic leading manner on occupation satisfaction. International Business Research. 5 ( 2 ) . 192-201. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. proquest. com/docview/963357720? accountid=32521 Daft. R. L. ( 2011. 2008 ) . The leading experience ( 5/e ) . Mason. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Northouse. P. G. ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications Weiss. J. ( 2011 ) An Introduction to Leadership. Bridgepoint Education. Inc. World Wide Web. trustee. edu/acad/global/publications/†¦/grayson_speckhar

Gettysburg East Cavalry Field in the Civil War

Gettysburg East Cavalry Field in the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg: Union Order of Battle - Confederate Order of Battle Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - Conflict Date: The East Cavalry Fight took place on July 3, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was part of the larger Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-July 3, 1863). Armies Commanders: Union Brigadier General David McM. GreggBrigadier General George A. Custer3,250 men Confederate Major General J.E.B. Stuartapprox. 4,800 men Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - Background: On July 1, 1863, Union and Confederate forces met north and northwest of the town of Gettysburg, PA.  The first day of the battle resulted in General Robert E. Lees forces driving Major General John F. Reynolds I Corps and Major General Oliver O. Howards XI Corps through Gettysburg to a strong defensive position around Cemetery Hill.  Bringing additional forces up during the night, Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac assumed a position with its right on Culps Hill and the line extending west to Cemetery Hill and then turning south along Cemetery Ridge.  The next day, Lee planned to attack both Union flanks.  These efforts were late in commencing and saw Lieutenant General James Longstreets First Corps push back Major General Daniel Sickles III Corps which had moved west off of Cemetery Ridge.  In a bitterly fought struggle, Union troops succeeded in holding the key heights of Little Round Top at the south end of the battlefield (Map).  Ã‚   Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - Plans Dispositions: In determining his plans for July 3, Lee at first hoped to launch coordinated attacks on Meades flanks.  This plan was thwarted when Union forces opened a fight at Culps Hill around 4:00 AM.  This engagement raged for seven hours until quieting at 11:00 AM.  As a result of this action, Lee changed his approach for the afternoon and instead decided to focus on striking the Union center on Cemetery Ridge.  Assigning command of the operation to Longstreet, he ordered that Major General George Picketts division, which had not been engaged in the previous days fighting, form the core of the attack force.  To supplement Longstreets assault on the Union center, Lee directed Major General J.E.B. Stuart to take his Cavalry Corps east and south around Meades right flank.  Once in the Union rear, he was attack towards the Baltimore Pike which served as the primary line of retreat for the Army of the Potomac. Opposing Stuart were elements of Major General Alfred Pleasontons Cavalry Corps.  Disliked and mistrusted by Meade, Pleasonton was retained at the armys headquarters while his superior directed cavalry operations personally.  Of the corps three divisions, two remained in the Gettysburg area with that of Brigadier General David McM. Gregg located east of the main Union line while Brigadier General Judson Kilpatricks men protected the Union left to the south.  The bulk of the third division, belonging to Brigadier General John Buford, had been sent south to refit after playing a key role in the early fighting on July 1.  Only Bufords reserve brigade, led by Brigadier General Wesley Merritt, remained in the area and held a position south of the Round Tops.  To reinforce the position east of Gettysburg, orders were issued for Kilpatrick to loan Brigadier General George A. Custers brigade to Gregg. Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - First Contact: Holding a position at the intersection of the Hanover and Low Dutch Roads, Gregg deployed the bulk of his men along the former facing north while Colonel John B. McIntoshs brigade occupied a position behind the latter facing northwest.  Approaching the Union line with four brigades, Stuart intended to pin Gregg in place with dismounted troopers and then launch an attack from the west using Cress Ridge to shield his movements.  Advancing the brigades of Brigadier Generals John R. Chambliss and Albert G. Jenkins, Stuart had these men occupy the woods around the Rummel Farm.  Gregg was soon alerted to their presence due to scouting by Custers men and signal guns fired by the enemy.  Unlimbering, Major Robert F. Beckhams horse artillery opened fired on the Union lines.  Responding, Lieutenant Alexander Penningtons Union battery proved more accurate and succeeded in largely quieting the Confederate guns (Map). Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - Dismounted Action:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the artillery fire subsided, Gregg directed the 1st New Jersey Cavalry from McIntoshs brigade to dismount as well as the 5th Michigan Cavalry from Custers.  These two units commenced a long-range duel with the Confederates around the Rummel Farm.  Pressing the action, the 1st New Jersey advanced to a fence line closer to the farm and continued the fight.  Running low on ammunition, they were soon joined by the 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry.  Tangling with a larger force, McIntosh called for reinforcements from Gregg.  This request was denied, though Gregg did deploy an additional artillery battery which began shelling the area around the Rummel Farm.   This compelled the Confederates to abandon the farms barn.  Seeking to turn the tide, Stuart brought more of his men into the action and extended his line to flank the Union troopers.  Quickly dismounting part of the 6th Michigan Cavalry, Custer blocked this move.  As McIntoshs ammunition began to dwindle, the brigades fire started to slacken.  Seeing an opportunity, Chambliss men intensified their fire.  As McIntoshs men began to withdraw, Custer advanced the 5th Michigan.  Armed with seven-shot Spencer rifles, the 5th Michigan surged forward and, in fighting that became hand-to-hand at times, succeeded in driving Chambliss back into the woods beyond the Rummel Farm.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - Mounted Fight: Increasingly frustrated and eager to end the action, Stuart directed the 1st Virginia Cavalry from Brigadier General Fitzhugh Lees brigade to make a mounted charge against the Union lines.  He intended this force to break through the enemys position by the farm and split them from those Union troops along Low Dutch Road.  Seeing the Confederates advance, McIntosh attempted to send his reserve regiment, the 1st Maryland Cavalry, forward.  This failed when he found that Gregg had ordered it south to the intersection.  Responding to the new threat, Gregg ordered Colonel William D. Manns 7th Michigan Cavalry to launch a counter-charge.  As Lee drove back Union forces by the farm, Custer personally led the 7th Michigan forward with a yell of Come on, you Wolverines! (Map). Surging forward, the 1st Virginias flank came under fire from the 5th Michigan and part of the 3rd Pennsylvania.  The Virginians and 7th Michigan collided along a sturdy wooden fence and commenced fighting with pistols.  In an effort to turn the tide, Stuart directed Brigadier General Wade Hampton to take reinforcements forward.  These troopers joined with the 1st Virginia and compelled Custers men to fall back.  Pursuing the 7th Michigan towards the intersection, the Confederates came under heavy fire from the 5th and 6th Michigans as well as the 1st New Jersey and 3rd Pennsylvania.  Under this protection, the 7th Michigan rallied and turned to mount a counterattack.  This succeeded in drove the enemy back past the Rummel Farm. Given the near success of the Virginians in almost reaching the crossroads, Stuart concluded that larger attack might carry the day.  As such, he directed the bulk of Lee and Hamptons brigades to charge forward.  As the enemy came under fire from Union artillery, Gregg directed the 1st Michigan Cavalry to charge forward.  Advancing with Custer in the lead, this regiment smashed into the charging Confederates.  With the fighting swirling, Custers outnumbered men began to be pushed back.  Seeing the tide turning, McIntoshs men entered the fray with the 1st New Jersey and 3rd Pennsylvania striking the Confederate flank.  Under attack from multiple directions, Stuarts men began to fall back to the shelter of the woods and Cress Ridge.  Though Union forces attempted a pursuit, a rearguard action by the 1st Virginia blunted this effort. Gettysburg-East Cavalry Fight - Aftermath:   In the fighting east of Gettysburg, Union casualties numbered 284 while Stuarts men lost 181.  A victory for the improving Union cavalry, the action prevented Stuart from riding around Meades flank and striking the Army of the Potomacs rear.  To the west, Longstreets assault on the Union center, later dubbed Picketts Charge, was turned back with massive losses.  Though victorious, Meade elected not to mount a counterattack against Lees wounded army citing the exhaustion of his own forces.  Personally taking the blame the defeat, Lee ordered the Army of Northern Virginia to commence a retreat south on the evening of July 4.  The victory at Gettysburg and Major General Ulysses S. Grants triumph at Vicksburg on July 4 marked the turning points of the Civil War.   Selected Sources Echoes of Gettysburg: East Cavalry FieldCivil War Trust: Gettysburg-East Cavalry FieldEast Cavalry Field: Battle of Gettysburg

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Case Study - Essay Example The company found itself left out in the cold financially when they were blocked from accessing needed investment resources. An additional significant internal influence in the demise of Burgmaster was a sense of complacency (which damaged the entire industry) that led to a drop in quality, and the neglect of the characteristic benefit that was formerly most associated with the company: innovation. External factors also played an important role in this organizational tragedy. Some would argue that the political environment at the time is what doomed Burgmaster, as it failed to adequately protect the company from international competition. The competing businesses may have been the most crucial issue. Japanese companies were quick to capitalize on all opportunities, including a swing in market demands toward the perceived (and real) benefits associated with Asian technology. Accordingly, the operational strategy that would have been the best hope for saving Burgmaster should have been focused on improving

Defense strategies against hostile takeovers Thesis

Defense strategies against hostile takeovers - Thesis Example Dismissal of the existing employees would mean that the acquiring company will have to pay hefty benefits as send-off packages to the dismissed employees (Harris, 1990). This makes acquisition expensive for potential acquirers, making them to think twice about their acquisition intentions. The Golden Parachute is effective to the extent that it benefits stakeholders and enables a company to prevent any hostile takeover (Harris, 1990). Golden Parachutes make it easier for stockholders to hire and retain managers in industries that are prone to mergers and acquisition. The defense mechanism also helps the executive to remain objective about the company during a takeover process. Furthermore, it increases the cost of a takeover; hence discouraging bidders from acquiring the target company. This is because Golden Parachutes make it prohibitively expensive for potential acquirers to acquire a target company if they want to dismiss the managers of the target company. Dismissing managers in a company with Golden Parachutes comes with a high price. Golden Parachutes were applied at Fortune 1000 companies from 35% in 1987 to 81% in 2001. Citigroup Inc. applied Golden Parachute when they offered John Reed $30 million as severance pay and $5 annually for life. A company seeking to acquire another company may try to get representations in the board of the targeted company so that the acquirer can have voting power and influence other board members to accept the bid or persuade shareholders to accept the takeover. This type of defense against takeovers requires the approval of shareholders in a shareholders’ meeting in order to be created. Members of the board are chosen with the support of shareholders. In order to be a member of staggered board, the acquirer needs to purchase shares to vote in order to enable a single shareholder to sit with members of the targeted company’s board (Bebchuk et al, 2002). Staggered board makes the process

Impact Of Social Networking In The Airline Industry Marketing Essay

Impact Of Social Networking In The Airline Industry Marketing Essay Social Networking is increasingly emerging as an essential communication tool for the travel industry. The growth of social networking phenomena in the Airline industry initially commenced through sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Myspace since it has been growing with more professionalism with the turn up of new industry specified social networks (e.g., Tripadvisor.com). Without much research on how to engage with potential customers, many airlines have started using Twitter streams. Addressing the customer concerns and complaints is not possible by many airlines on social networking sites since they do not have any defined strategy. (Kirby, 2010). Over 2000 airlines operate more than 23,000 aircrafts, providing service to over 3700 airports in todays Global Airline Industry. The worlds airlines flew almost 28 million scheduled flight departures and over 2 billion passengers were carried in 2006. Over the past 30 years, the growth of air travel has averaged 5% approximately, with annual variations due to the differences in the economic fluctuations and circumstances in different regions of the world. The total revenue for the industry expected by IATA will be about $545 billion in 2010, rise of 13% from $483 billion in 2009. Every corner of the globe has been served by the international airline industry which has contributed in the creation of a global economy. (IATA, 2010a) As many authors have researched about social networking no such book or an article has described social networking impact in the Airline industry perspective. A better understanding of social networking has been brought out in this paper. Evaluation of social networking with the airline industry throughout this research will be an essential platform since most of the companys fear from embracing social networking. The impact of social media on airlines and the directions for successful deployment of social media have been detailed in the report. The aim of this report is to educate and help Airline companies to formulate strategic responses for a brand and distribute opportunities since social networking has being taken into consideration as a marketing tool. Sharing and gathering of exclusive information through social networking helps to decrease the advertising budgets and in return increase the revenue and build brand loyalty. Methodology of the Research The intention of this research is to prove that the Airline industry has a great potential in social networking as it cant be ignored in 2010. As few major airlines such as JetBlue, Virgin America and British Airways have started social networking which has changed their process fundamentally by improving customer satisfaction, reducing costs and increasing brand loyalty. Through an inclusive literature review by following academic literature, white papers, popular media, journal articles and books, the following areas which are associated with social networking on the Airline industry have been explored Critical research about social networking emergence with the purpose to establish the potential impact of it on the Airline industry. To find out how social networking will change the Airline consumer behavior and what should be the strategic response from the industry in response to these changes. What marketing professionals should do to find their feet in the social networking arena in terms of their skills, attitudes and behaviors? In order to ensure credibility, reliability and viability of information which have been used for this article, comparison of that information has been done using different similar sources. Accuracy of that information has been evaluated in the Analysis of Included References (9.0) of this document. Industry Analysis European airline giants such as Cathay Pacific, Emirates, US Airways, Japan Airlines, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines have dominated the airline industry. Over 2000 airlines operate more than 23,000 aircrafts, providing service to over 3700 airports in todays Global Airline Industry. The worlds airlines flew almost 28 million scheduled flight departures over 2 billion passengers were carried in 2006. The Airline Industry is an intensively competitive market which was negatively affected by the economic downturn and hike in the oil prices over the past two years. The Airline Industry saw a loss of $16 billion in 2008 followed by $9.9 billion in 2009. According to IATAs most recent financial forecast, carriers are projected to earn $2.5 billion in 2010. (Refer Appendix I for further details) Source: ATW World Airline Report 2010 Figure 1: Revenue/Expenses vs. Net Profits by Year Figure 2: International Passenger and Freight Growth Figure 3: Number of Scheduled International Passengers Carried in 2009 Impact of Social Networking in the Airline Industry Social Networking, incorporating Web 2.0 technologies, has been credited with the ability to expand social contacts, accelerate business processes, improve customer relations, cost-effective recruitment of high-caliber staff and the improvement of morale, motivation and job satisfaction among staff (MessageLabs, 2007a). Is Social Media Evolution or Revolution? Since social networking is emerging and has hit its tipping point, conventional networking sites are cannibalizing and competing with each other for members (Neisser, 2008). Today, Web 2.0 is extremely changing customers expectations and behaviour. Social networks such as Facebook, Myspace, and YouTube etc. will change industries than the Internet since they allow customers to communicate with each other, without the involvement of companies (Boynes, 2008). Figure 4: Growth of Facebook by Country and Top 10 Social Networking Sites Source: Nielsen/NetRatings Report, 2009/2010 Liveliness of Social Networking in the Airline Industry Why? As Social networking in a corporate context will become impossible to be ignored in 2010 most of the major airlines have started using social media to re-invent and enhance their clients facing parts which they were doing on a one to one basis. Most of the airlines have created a Facebook or Twitter fan page in regards to this as a start but no one seems like getting the potential out of it by doing active social networking. Social media reveals many transformative opportunities within the airline industry. The Industry is using social network sites to simplify customer contact and response by proactively monitoring and responding to the online chatter. How? The immediate social media based feedback elevates stress and tension for the flyers who have lost their luggage or missed a flight. UKs low cost carriers such as easyJet has over 45,000 followers on Twitter, where Virgin Atlantic and airBaltic have 8000 and with 8500 followers accordingly (Field, 2008). Facebook has been used as a platform by American Airlines in which they have launched Travelbag where the users are able to share their travel experiences and plans and also set up countdowns for upcoming events or trips. According to the airline, they are trying to differentiate and segment its passengers along with identifying their buying habits. Social Networking the Catapult for the Airline Industry Presently, the entire world is evolving towards technological know-how with continuous improvements in ICTA developments in many industries. Airline/Aviation industry has driven a massive growth in all over the world due to ICTA development which has influenced recently. The 12th annual SITA/Airline Business Airline IT Trends Survey, out of 129 airlines that took part, 56% expected an increase in IT spending next year, with only 10% expecting a decrease. As being recovered from the economic downturn, the survey shows how global cost pressures continue to influence IT strategies. Figure 5: ICTA Spending in Airline Industry Source: The Airline IT Trends Survey. 2010 The above mentioned ICTA trends are evident resources that infrastructure and spending are available to drive the change and impact which has been created by social networking Taneja (2008) Flying ahead of the airplane has mentioned that Social Networking/Media is increasingly emerging as an essential communication tool for the travel industry. The growth of social networking phenomena in the Airline industry initially commenced through sites such as Facebook and Bebo since it has been growing with more professionalism with the turn up of new industry specified social networks. Presently people are looking to complete their activities via their mobile phones. With the arrival of social networking it has become an essential part of their life as they get used to mobile social networking. This is a potential impact for the Airline industry as they have already started online digital marketing such as E-tickets, E-flyers, etc. How Consumers Drive the Fundamental Change With the growth of the internet many firms use online consumer reviews as marketing tools which are also strategically manipulated since it can help the consumers to discover quality products (Dellarocas 2003). According to a survey by an Internet marketing Research Company comScore (2007), 24% of the internet users access online reviews before making payments for services delivered offline. Li and Bernoff (2008) argues that the consumers expect 24 hours customer service capabilities along with broad self-serve online options. Return on Influence would be another suitable theory in the matter of WOM and Marketing should be strategically carried out by influencing and identifying those who have the most influence over others (Brogan and Smith, 2008). Around 60% of the worlds population visit social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace or blogging sites as according to the Nielsen Global Online study. Figure 6: Global Social Network Traffic Source: Nielsen/NetRatings Report, 2009/2010 Traditional behavior before the introduction of social media Before social networking became an intermediate support for the airline passengers, they have been gathering information, planning their trips and reserving their tickets through particular airline companies or travel agents. Customer service was also not regular, identical and reasonable among all passengers. Flight availabilities, delays etc. couldnt be informed to consumers. The places such as blogs, forums and specialized websites were limited to talk about the negative and positive impacts which have been faced by the passengers. Traditional versus Online Consumer behavior Traditional ways of consumer behavior has changed fundamentally by social networking since it has overhauled traditional methods of communication with the use of Word of Mouth method to create a positive effect. WOM was considered as an alternative to the traditional marketing tools by several books. According to (Misner, 1999) it is a least understood strategy but yet effective. Since traditional ways of communication are diminishing, marketers are interested in understanding WOM (Nail, 2005). Presently mobile social networking has emerged to help social networking spread all over the world. According to Nielsen Mobile, the U.K. and U.S. stands ahead of many markets in mobile social networking. Social networks were accessed on phones by 1.6% of U.S. mobile subscribers and 1.7% of U.K. mobile subscribers in December 2007 January 2008 as compared to 0.6% in France, 0.2% in Germany and 0.8% in Spain. Figure 7: Personnel vs. Social Benefit in Social Networking Figure 8: Where Do Consumers Search Info According to a study done by  OTX Research  on behalf of  DEI shows that consumers currently obtain information of brands, companies or products with the use of social media. According to the Nielsen online report, users from each segment visit social networking sites as part of their normal routine activities. The emerge of social networking has exposed particular industry products and services and hence majority of the young users are the key influences and are involved in purchasing decisions rather than depending on their parents who were previously influenced with the traditional method. Figure 9: Use of Social Networking Sites by Age Source: Nielsen/NetRatings Report, 2009/2010 AISAS (AIDA) Model This model was another version of the traditional AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire and Action) model to accurately describe consumer behavior on the internet. AISAS online consumer behavior model concept was developed by the Dentsu Group and it is being used since 2004 to describe online consumer behavior. Figure 10: AISAS (AIDA) Model Source: Concept developed by Dentsu Group How AISAS models Work with Social Networking Social networking sites have the ability to get the attention of consumers by displaying banners, information, etc as they cannot rely on traditional one-way methods of communication e.g. TV and print ads. Interested customers will be searching for more information to take decisions. This helps companies to spread their message for a low cost since interested consumers who are unable to buy the product can still share details through social networking as this model can work in many ways than the traditional AIDA model. In terms of communication it may work in four ways as explained in the above diagram. Social networking can be used to get the initial attention towards a company by publishing photos, videos, advertisements, current affairs and through connecting people. In order to hold the attention of the consumers, news articles, future promotions, travel packages, CSR factors and service information can be sent. Once the interest is built, promotions such as low cost tickets and other offers will make the consumers to search more information before taking decisions. This will enable to create desire and make their service believable and collect reasons to buy. Social networking can do this process predominantly as it can direct the consumers to e-ticket sites or a travel agent who is available online and make a purchase. Positive or negative feedback will be shared as per individual experience. Consumers can upload photos and share experiences with one another. Attention Interest Search Actions Share Consumer Satisfaction effects in Social Networking Airline Industries can increase the customer satisfaction with the help of social networking since it can provide better services, suggest or share ideas to others. Regarding the consumer behavior, companies have given more consideration to satisfaction. Figure 11: Conceptualized Model: Satisfaction effect of the consumer Why Consumers are moving towards social networking sites The passengers can make the best choice and get a clear picture of what to expect from each airline such as services and products E.g.-: meals drinks offered, in-flight entertainment, crew service standards etc. and also share their ideas by uploading pictures, videos and status updates about their personnel experiences on Facebook, Twitter etc. Figure 12: Technographics ladder: Consumer Behavior in Social Networking Source: Forrester Research, 2006 Internet ticket reservation has been accelerated by social media as most of the airline consumers are selling and promoting their tickets using social networks. E.g, JetBlueCheeps: A Twitter stream devoted to last-minute fares sales. There are uncontrollable events which cannot be prevented such as weather delays, union strikes etc. which causes a negative impression on the minds of the customers. Therefore the airline sites should be able to address such situations. E.g., The CEO of JetBlue went on Youtube and addressed the concerns of the people due to Snow storm delays which occurred on the 14th February 2007 which received a positive feedback. Why consumers are involving in Social networking With the availability of many touch points the consumers can make correct decisions with referrals and recommendations. Although there are some voices withholding assents with regards to social media as a marketing tool, social media have essential applications for customer relationship management programs, marketing campaigns and public relations activities. The following diagram describes how the Airline consumers are involving with social networking sites. Figure 13: Airline Consumer Involvement in Social Networking Benefits of social networking to the airline consumers Share their own ideas and plan trips with more ease Travel applications have been introduced by social networks such as TripIt and Dopplr Purchase air tickets at a low rate and get further discounts from social networking sites Disintermediation such as Travel agents More convenience and less time consuming to make the correct decision Get additional information about airline brands Greater expectations of customer service and managing relationships Free availability of valuable information Findings and Discussions Social Media platforms improve reach and promote campaign messages and airline industry activities. Through the research it has been identified it will be able to capture the public mood, emotion and knowledge about airline related issues. This will enable a range of opportunities to tailor messages and engage the public in a conversation about airline promotions with transparency which would improve loyalty and trust. Creating of a Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Blog or forum under a company name is not social networking (Hernandez, June 2010). Presently most of the airlines have social networking but apart from few airlines majority are not doing active social networking which means they dont practice social networking components to build their market. Following are the few examples of how some major players actively engage in social networking. October 5th 2010 Malaysia Airlines won the Best Use Of Social Media To Drive Revenue Award at the inaugural Simpliflying-Airline Business Social Media Excellence Awards for Airlines. (Malaysia Airlines, 2010) As per facts/statistics that have been published in the previous chapters, the consumer behavior is changing very rapidly towards social media. In order to cope with these changes airline companies needs to have good strategies and specified skills from their marketing experts. (Please refer Recommendation section for further details.) Besides the famous conventional social networking sites there are airline specific websites, forums and blogs in different languages such as Tripadvisor.com, Flying.org, Aerhub.com, genflylounge.com, and Aircollector.com, etc With the ever shrinking global differences and the ever evolving technology highway, the airline industry has great potential to expand as the global opportunities have increased and the world is becoming a local market for all the businesses. This has paved way to increased travel opportunities, which could be targeted efficiently through the increased use of social media. Summary of the Research Paper According to the literature review, social media plays a significant role in the modern marketing world. Although there are some voices withholding assents with regards to social media as a marketing tool, it has essential applications for customer relationship management programs, marketing campaigns and public relations activities. As most of the Airline companies have not embraced social networking prominently there are potential opportunities which the Airline industry can snatch and make Social media as a marketing tool. With the emergence of social networking and mobile phenomenon behaviors, attitudes of customers are changing rapidly as they are looking forward for more convincing and unique customer services. To facilitate this fundamental change Airline companies must have to build a strong strategic response which can increase their company goodwill, market share and image by attracting more consumers. Special set of skills, attitudes and behaviors needs to be adapted by marketing professionals in the industry to make the best out of social networking. More research is required to articulate the accurate impact of social media on consumer awareness, behavioral change, nature of competition and B2B opportunities. Coordination of social media material and collaboration with airline companies at all levels of the government will become increasingly critical. Recommendations Social networking: Building the Airline industry Market Social networking has been able to revolutionize many industries by helping to build market share and earn more revenue since it can be used as a marketing tool. Airline companies would greatly benefit through social networking since it has a greater visibility into the customer needs and their opinions and facilitate quick and direct interaction. In 2007 the use of social networking deeply became popular among the internet users. (Nilesen, 2009). By the Airline industry, Social media marketing is taking off in a major way with sites like Facebook and Twitter E.g., Westjet have been investing in Facebook and Twitter during the past six months for opening and enhancing communication with the consumers (Field, 2008). Strategic Response to Emerge As a Social Marketing Pioneer Even though majority of airlines havent embraced social networking utterly, components of it such as online advertising is being used since longtime ago. Advertising will not be a good strategic response to emerge social networking in the airline industry. In order to reply to this fundamental macro theme the airline industry must have a proper strategy to get the potential of this which will open up new opportunities. According to a new forecast from ZenithOptimedia (www.zenithoptimedia.com), online-marketing will account for a greater proportion in the global ad sector in 2012 than it does now-17.1 per cent of overall ad spending in two years time compared with 12.7 per cent in 2009. Creating a buzz around services is the requirement for airline companies. It doesnt start from creating a Blog or creating a video, its a social media strategy that encompasses social media and word-of-mouth marketing. There are so many social marketing tools that can be used to fulfill the potential of internet business. Figure 14: Development of Strategies (Sims and Smith, 2003) According to the above mentioned framework when developing a strategy, Airline companies should consider three factors mainly. What Basis?: Every Airline company defines their basis (corporate main purpose) when it has been started such as cost leadership, differentiation, cost differentiation focus according to Porters generic strategy. Which Direction?: As social networking has become a frontier in communication, usage of proper social media can change the direction of Airline companies. According to many authors, consumers are embracing new media experiences with a staggering speed. How?: Airlines need to develop a technological savvy skill in order to drive the growth of social networking in terms of market development. This means that the marketing professionals should develop their skills and behavior in response to the emerged macro environmental theme. (Refer chapter 8.2 for further details) According to the Ansoff Matrix, by becoming a social media leader, Airline companies can develop their market since it is highly penetrated. Figure 15: Ansoff Matrix for the Airline Industry (Ansoffs, 1957) There are so many categorizations with the industry such as budget, low cost, premium, national and regional, etc. Requirements will always be different to each other. Following are the main factors that airlines should consider before compiling a market development strategy. What is the pitch and the strategic intentions Anticipation of the market development initiative (Awareness, sales and loyalty) Current Relationship with the passengers How is the current behavior in terms of social media The ways you are going to address them to build the market Execution and Identifying success Most of the airline companies are using traditional digital marketing steps such as email campaigns, online banners, etc. To get the use of social media they need to use digital marketing moderately in a different way. Figure 16: Change in Online Marketing Usage/Spending in 2009 (Source: Ad-Olgy Research, 2008) New Cynosure for Market Building, Customer Service and Goodwill A Market development strategy should be mainly backed up by social networking components. With this strategy more results with a less marketing budget can be expected than traditional marketing procedures. Many airline companies accept social media as emerging and a proper digital marketing tool. Figure 17: Social Networking Components (The Digital EcoSystem) (Infuz Whitepaper, 2010) How Social Media helps to build the Airline Market Figure 18: Traditional Process vs. Social Networking Process The following section will describe how social networking can be used as a prominent marketing tool to develop the market according to Ansoffs Market development strategy Identification of New Segments: Social networking has been used by many consumer segments which will enable to identify new customer segments other than targeting offline. (Please refer Figure 19) Take advantage: Opportunities to reach an audience would be by Blogging, Twittering and maintaining Facebook fan sites which would ease the decision making process and allow them to share ideas. Spark discussions: With social media, companies can interact with their customers regarding their thoughts about the operations of the company. Channels should be kept distinct: Channels such as blogs, Twitter, Facebook etc. can be used for spreading news, promotions etc. and enable the users to visit different outlets rather than sticking to one. Composition: It consists of the means which the message should be delivered such as channels, digital tools etc. Exposure: Once the digital tools are selected the organization needs to find the ways these tools need to be implemented. Content Ideas: This consists of the process in which the organization ensures that the public receives the message which can be through news feeds, promotions etc. Monitoring and Controlling: Gaining control and continuous monitoring of digital medium activities against set KPIs. Have fun: There should be fun as a team and it should help the company to position them as friendly, customer driven and a convenience Airline. Figure 19: Social Networking Site User Segments (Ofcom, 2008) How the Marketing Professionals Should Adapt to the Change As per the above discussions, social networking is emerging rapidly without any obstacles. Social networking components can be used as digital marketing tools such as online advertising, sharing, blogging, etc to increase the market share and brand loyalty. To keep competitive sales, marketing professionals need to keep their skills up-to-date and effective (Victor et al, 2009). Todays economical condition is extremely different to that of five, ten or twenty years ago. Long complex proposals and contracts are the norm these days. According to Cheverton (2004) there are few important skill types that marketing professionals should acclimatize according to the macro environmental changes occurring rapidly. Those are Communication Skills, Social Skills, Flexibility, Openness to Diversity, Thinking Skills, Personal Development and Learning Skills. Social media marketing will be unsuccessful if it doesnt match with the corporate culture or people are resistant to change. Following are the few of new skills, attitudes and behaviors which requires to be adapted by marketing professionals. Figure 20: Social Networking Skills, Attitudes and Behaviors Marketers should offer various competitive prices, promotions, and tactics in order to build their market. Skill/Attitude/Behavior Description Expert researchers A deep research would provide information for making the correct decisions and overlay a solid platform for doing the required tasks in order to develop a simple tactic or a social media plan. Business acumen The requirement for the growth of the business needs to be figured out and acumen social media tactics will fulfill it. Strategic thinking and planning If the company wants to target the right group of people, it is very essential to think beyond single tactics and instead take all the tactics which can help to achieve the objectives. Strong journalistic writing and storytelling Communication leads to success in social media which in turn creates an opportunity for businesses to share their stories directly with the people. Video/Image production Videos and images should be uploaded on social networking sites to attract consumers. Innovative and Creative Innovative ideas needs to be generated in terms of advertising, networking, connecting people, etc. Relationship development Social media relationship development is all about the value the brand can give to others rather than the benefit others can give to the brand. Experts in social media platforms Expert knowledge in social media should be adapted by marketing professionals to build their company. Self-Directed Learning In order to stay competitive in the market, further learning about social media can be completed by supporting groups and discussions, reading blogs and visiting sales training web sites. Restive Curiosity People in every industry are very curious and restless regarding new developments and are always finding new alternative ways to accomplish tasks. Analysis of Included References Source Description Credibility Reliability Merits Relevance Principles of Marketing This book looks at the major decisions that marketing Managers face in their efforts to balance an organizations objectives Many peer reviews specially from industry experts, CEOs Authors: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong, John A. Saunders (Written by well know masters in the marketing arena) High Marketing in Travel and Tourism This book aims to guide and support readers through the complexities of tourism marketing in the 21st Century. The report has been reviewed and used content for other publications Illustration: 4 Editions Butterworth-Heinemann (well known publisher) Authors: Victor Middleton has been an independent management consultant, academic and author since 1984. Professor at Oxford Brookes University and the University of Central Lancashire. Medium Journal of Marketin

Peel’s Policies Toward Irealnd Essay

Peel’s policies towards Ireland seem to swing backwards and forwards over the period 1829-46; he supported Catholic emancipation in 1829, yet his policy of coercion seems distinctly repressive, and this was then followed by conciliation, which could be considered reforming. Peel had to tread a thin line between firmness and assertion of authority without alienating any potential Catholic support. However, on balance we can consider that his policies were more reforming than repressive. Peel’s support of Catholic emancipation in 1829 shows the reforming side of his policy. He supported it against a huge amount of scepticism from his own party and did it in the belief that it was for the good of the union – he thought it was a greater risk to refuse to satisfy their demands than to grant them. However, the restriction that Catholic emancipation placed on the franchise meant that it carried with reform an element of repression. Peel’s Tamworth Manifesto of 1834 showed moderate support for reform, but did not commit the Tory party to anything and certainly didn’t advocate anything on the scale of Catholic emancipation. Peel’s early reformist attitude had all but disappeared by the 1841 election, where his party emphasised their traditional position as the defenders of the established Church. During his second ministry, Peel’s policy of Coercion was clearly quite repressive. Faced with a problem in Ireland that he considered a greater threat to British Authority than Chartism had ever posed, he made an announcement in parliament that he would ‘crush any attempt to break the union with armed force.’ This aggressive statement was the start of Peel’s more repressive policy in Ireland. The Irish Arms act of 1843, which gave the Authorities in Ireland greater powers and banned Catholics from owning guns, was very stringent and can therefore be considered repressive, but it can be seen that it was a necessary move in order to prevent more violence in Ireland. Peel’s decision t ban the meeting at Clontarf can also be seen as repressive. O’Connell had organised many large scale demonstrations before which had not been seen to pose a significant threat, but the British government interpreted it as an incitement to illegality. Over half a million people were expected to turn up and the government knew about it well in advance; however by banning it just the day before it was due to take place, Peel dealt a heavy blow to O’Connell. Thousands of Irish people were already on their way to the demonstration and O’Connell had to tell them all to turn back. On top of this, despite not having done anything illegal, O’Connell was then arrested for sedition, tried and found guilty by an all protestant jury. This is perhaps the most openly repressive thing that Peel did in the period. This incident proved to be the turning point in O’Connell’ political career; despite later being released from prison he never regained his full authority and subsequently his repeal movement began to fall apart. This was a clear victory for Peel’s defence of the union, and gave him great support within the Conservative Party. However, Peel was convinced that a population that was more than 80% Catholic could not be coerced indefinitely and in early 1844 asserted that whilst the union itself was still the overriding objective, ‘Equality of treatment for Protestant and Catholic Citizens was necessary’ so that the Irish middle classes could be persuaded of the benefits of it. Peel’s plan of conciliation sought to improve relations and win this crucial support within Ireland. The first step that showed Peel taking a more reforming line was to remove the staunch protestant defender de Gray as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was replaced by Lord Heytesbury, who was happy to follow Peel’s policy of giving Catholics equal opportunities in government. This showed not just willingness for change, but also would eventually lead to more Catholics in the civil service and magistracy; thereby lessening the chance that disaffected Irishmen would turn to the Nationalist cause instead. This willingness for change was shown again in the setting up of the Devon Commission. Setting it up in the first place was an act of great courage – the opinion of the time was that it was a landlord’s right to do as he wished without interference – and therefore shows a real attempt at reform by Peel, although it never came to fruition. Peel further tried to win over the Irish Catholics with the charitable bequests bill of 1844. It plainly displayed the goodwill of Peel’s administration to the Catholic Church. Peel saw the support of the Irish Catholic Church as something incredibly important; it had an essentially conservative nature and there was no ideological reason why its support should be blocked, as it wasn’t linked to the nationalists or revolutionaries, and therefore Peel thought it important for them to be ‘on-side’. This religious aspect was further tackled in the Maynooth Bill. He was convinced that in its current state, Maynooth was attracting the wrong sort, and by giving money for its improvement and increasing its annual grants, he was not only showing a positive attitude to the Catholic Church, but also ensuring that the new priests were not likely to support the revolutionaries or nationalists. Peel’s Irish Colleges Bill continued this programme of reform by setting up un-sectarian colleges, with the aim of ensuring that there would be more educated Catholics who would be eligible for the newly available jobs in the Civil service. However, this was in the face of requests for Catholic colleges from the priests, something that Peel flatly refused to consider. With the coming of the potato famine in 1845, Peel found even greater problems in Ireland, which lead to further reform. Peel’s worry about the dependency on the potato was justified, and many people in Ireland were starving. Peel made the decision to try and repeal the Corn Laws. He faced huge opposition from his own party at the suggestion, yet the Bill was passed with Whig support. This is the most reforming one of Peel’s policies towards Ireland; however, there is the suggestion that his hand was forced politically. Overall, the evidence suggests that although there were some repressive elements to Peel’s Irish policy, namely the period of Coercion, the majority of his policy can be considered as more reforming, as he acted to try and change and improve the conditions in Ireland and the relationships between Britain and Ireland. This is shown by Peel’s reasoning that in order to preserve the Union (which was to him the most important matter), the Irish would have to be treated fairly and be shown the benefits of it.