Impact Of Social Networking In The Airline Industry Marketing Essay

Impact Of Social Networking In The Airline Industry Marketing Essay Social Networking is increasingly emerging as an essential communication tool for the travel industry. The growth of social networking phenomena in the Airline industry initially commenced through sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Myspace since it has been growing with more professionalism with the turn up of new industry specified social networks (e.g., Tripadvisor.com). Without much research on how to engage with potential customers, many airlines have started using Twitter streams. Addressing the customer concerns and complaints is not possible by many airlines on social networking sites since they do not have any defined strategy. (Kirby, 2010). Over 2000 airlines operate more than 23,000 aircrafts, providing service to over 3700 airports in todays Global Airline Industry. The worlds airlines flew almost 28 million scheduled flight departures and over 2 billion passengers were carried in 2006. Over the past 30 years, the growth of air travel has averaged 5% approximately, with annual variations due to the differences in the economic fluctuations and circumstances in different regions of the world. The total revenue for the industry expected by IATA will be about $545 billion in 2010, rise of 13% from $483 billion in 2009. Every corner of the globe has been served by the international airline industry which has contributed in the creation of a global economy. (IATA, 2010a) As many authors have researched about social networking no such book or an article has described social networking impact in the Airline industry perspective. A better understanding of social networking has been brought out in this paper. Evaluation of social networking with the airline industry throughout this research will be an essential platform since most of the companys fear from embracing social networking. The impact of social media on airlines and the directions for successful deployment of social media have been detailed in the report. The aim of this report is to educate and help Airline companies to formulate strategic responses for a brand and distribute opportunities since social networking has being taken into consideration as a marketing tool. Sharing and gathering of exclusive information through social networking helps to decrease the advertising budgets and in return increase the revenue and build brand loyalty. Methodology of the Research The intention of this research is to prove that the Airline industry has a great potential in social networking as it cant be ignored in 2010. As few major airlines such as JetBlue, Virgin America and British Airways have started social networking which has changed their process fundamentally by improving customer satisfaction, reducing costs and increasing brand loyalty. Through an inclusive literature review by following academic literature, white papers, popular media, journal articles and books, the following areas which are associated with social networking on the Airline industry have been explored Critical research about social networking emergence with the purpose to establish the potential impact of it on the Airline industry. To find out how social networking will change the Airline consumer behavior and what should be the strategic response from the industry in response to these changes. What marketing professionals should do to find their feet in the social networking arena in terms of their skills, attitudes and behaviors? In order to ensure credibility, reliability and viability of information which have been used for this article, comparison of that information has been done using different similar sources. Accuracy of that information has been evaluated in the Analysis of Included References (9.0) of this document. Industry Analysis European airline giants such as Cathay Pacific, Emirates, US Airways, Japan Airlines, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines have dominated the airline industry. Over 2000 airlines operate more than 23,000 aircrafts, providing service to over 3700 airports in todays Global Airline Industry. The worlds airlines flew almost 28 million scheduled flight departures over 2 billion passengers were carried in 2006. The Airline Industry is an intensively competitive market which was negatively affected by the economic downturn and hike in the oil prices over the past two years. The Airline Industry saw a loss of $16 billion in 2008 followed by $9.9 billion in 2009. According to IATAs most recent financial forecast, carriers are projected to earn $2.5 billion in 2010. (Refer Appendix I for further details) Source: ATW World Airline Report 2010 Figure 1: Revenue/Expenses vs. Net Profits by Year Figure 2: International Passenger and Freight Growth Figure 3: Number of Scheduled International Passengers Carried in 2009 Impact of Social Networking in the Airline Industry Social Networking, incorporating Web 2.0 technologies, has been credited with the ability to expand social contacts, accelerate business processes, improve customer relations, cost-effective recruitment of high-caliber staff and the improvement of morale, motivation and job satisfaction among staff (MessageLabs, 2007a). Is Social Media Evolution or Revolution? Since social networking is emerging and has hit its tipping point, conventional networking sites are cannibalizing and competing with each other for members (Neisser, 2008). Today, Web 2.0 is extremely changing customers expectations and behaviour. Social networks such as Facebook, Myspace, and YouTube etc. will change industries than the Internet since they allow customers to communicate with each other, without the involvement of companies (Boynes, 2008). Figure 4: Growth of Facebook by Country and Top 10 Social Networking Sites Source: Nielsen/NetRatings Report, 2009/2010 Liveliness of Social Networking in the Airline Industry Why? As Social networking in a corporate context will become impossible to be ignored in 2010 most of the major airlines have started using social media to re-invent and enhance their clients facing parts which they were doing on a one to one basis. Most of the airlines have created a Facebook or Twitter fan page in regards to this as a start but no one seems like getting the potential out of it by doing active social networking. Social media reveals many transformative opportunities within the airline industry. The Industry is using social network sites to simplify customer contact and response by proactively monitoring and responding to the online chatter. How? The immediate social media based feedback elevates stress and tension for the flyers who have lost their luggage or missed a flight. UKs low cost carriers such as easyJet has over 45,000 followers on Twitter, where Virgin Atlantic and airBaltic have 8000 and with 8500 followers accordingly (Field, 2008). Facebook has been used as a platform by American Airlines in which they have launched Travelbag where the users are able to share their travel experiences and plans and also set up countdowns for upcoming events or trips. According to the airline, they are trying to differentiate and segment its passengers along with identifying their buying habits. Social Networking the Catapult for the Airline Industry Presently, the entire world is evolving towards technological know-how with continuous improvements in ICTA developments in many industries. Airline/Aviation industry has driven a massive growth in all over the world due to ICTA development which has influenced recently. The 12th annual SITA/Airline Business Airline IT Trends Survey, out of 129 airlines that took part, 56% expected an increase in IT spending next year, with only 10% expecting a decrease. As being recovered from the economic downturn, the survey shows how global cost pressures continue to influence IT strategies. Figure 5: ICTA Spending in Airline Industry Source: The Airline IT Trends Survey. 2010 The above mentioned ICTA trends are evident resources that infrastructure and spending are available to drive the change and impact which has been created by social networking Taneja (2008) Flying ahead of the airplane has mentioned that Social Networking/Media is increasingly emerging as an essential communication tool for the travel industry. The growth of social networking phenomena in the Airline industry initially commenced through sites such as Facebook and Bebo since it has been growing with more professionalism with the turn up of new industry specified social networks. Presently people are looking to complete their activities via their mobile phones. With the arrival of social networking it has become an essential part of their life as they get used to mobile social networking. This is a potential impact for the Airline industry as they have already started online digital marketing such as E-tickets, E-flyers, etc. How Consumers Drive the Fundamental Change With the growth of the internet many firms use online consumer reviews as marketing tools which are also strategically manipulated since it can help the consumers to discover quality products (Dellarocas 2003). According to a survey by an Internet marketing Research Company comScore (2007), 24% of the internet users access online reviews before making payments for services delivered offline. Li and Bernoff (2008) argues that the consumers expect 24 hours customer service capabilities along with broad self-serve online options. Return on Influence would be another suitable theory in the matter of WOM and Marketing should be strategically carried out by influencing and identifying those who have the most influence over others (Brogan and Smith, 2008). Around 60% of the worlds population visit social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace or blogging sites as according to the Nielsen Global Online study. Figure 6: Global Social Network Traffic Source: Nielsen/NetRatings Report, 2009/2010 Traditional behavior before the introduction of social media Before social networking became an intermediate support for the airline passengers, they have been gathering information, planning their trips and reserving their tickets through particular airline companies or travel agents. Customer service was also not regular, identical and reasonable among all passengers. Flight availabilities, delays etc. couldnt be informed to consumers. The places such as blogs, forums and specialized websites were limited to talk about the negative and positive impacts which have been faced by the passengers. Traditional versus Online Consumer behavior Traditional ways of consumer behavior has changed fundamentally by social networking since it has overhauled traditional methods of communication with the use of Word of Mouth method to create a positive effect. WOM was considered as an alternative to the traditional marketing tools by several books. According to (Misner, 1999) it is a least understood strategy but yet effective. Since traditional ways of communication are diminishing, marketers are interested in understanding WOM (Nail, 2005). Presently mobile social networking has emerged to help social networking spread all over the world. According to Nielsen Mobile, the U.K. and U.S. stands ahead of many markets in mobile social networking. Social networks were accessed on phones by 1.6% of U.S. mobile subscribers and 1.7% of U.K. mobile subscribers in December 2007 January 2008 as compared to 0.6% in France, 0.2% in Germany and 0.8% in Spain. Figure 7: Personnel vs. Social Benefit in Social Networking Figure 8: Where Do Consumers Search Info According to a study done by  OTX Research  on behalf of  DEI shows that consumers currently obtain information of brands, companies or products with the use of social media. According to the Nielsen online report, users from each segment visit social networking sites as part of their normal routine activities. The emerge of social networking has exposed particular industry products and services and hence majority of the young users are the key influences and are involved in purchasing decisions rather than depending on their parents who were previously influenced with the traditional method. Figure 9: Use of Social Networking Sites by Age Source: Nielsen/NetRatings Report, 2009/2010 AISAS (AIDA) Model This model was another version of the traditional AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire and Action) model to accurately describe consumer behavior on the internet. AISAS online consumer behavior model concept was developed by the Dentsu Group and it is being used since 2004 to describe online consumer behavior. Figure 10: AISAS (AIDA) Model Source: Concept developed by Dentsu Group How AISAS models Work with Social Networking Social networking sites have the ability to get the attention of consumers by displaying banners, information, etc as they cannot rely on traditional one-way methods of communication e.g. TV and print ads. Interested customers will be searching for more information to take decisions. This helps companies to spread their message for a low cost since interested consumers who are unable to buy the product can still share details through social networking as this model can work in many ways than the traditional AIDA model. In terms of communication it may work in four ways as explained in the above diagram. Social networking can be used to get the initial attention towards a company by publishing photos, videos, advertisements, current affairs and through connecting people. In order to hold the attention of the consumers, news articles, future promotions, travel packages, CSR factors and service information can be sent. Once the interest is built, promotions such as low cost tickets and other offers will make the consumers to search more information before taking decisions. This will enable to create desire and make their service believable and collect reasons to buy. Social networking can do this process predominantly as it can direct the consumers to e-ticket sites or a travel agent who is available online and make a purchase. Positive or negative feedback will be shared as per individual experience. Consumers can upload photos and share experiences with one another. Attention Interest Search Actions Share Consumer Satisfaction effects in Social Networking Airline Industries can increase the customer satisfaction with the help of social networking since it can provide better services, suggest or share ideas to others. Regarding the consumer behavior, companies have given more consideration to satisfaction. Figure 11: Conceptualized Model: Satisfaction effect of the consumer Why Consumers are moving towards social networking sites The passengers can make the best choice and get a clear picture of what to expect from each airline such as services and products E.g.-: meals drinks offered, in-flight entertainment, crew service standards etc. and also share their ideas by uploading pictures, videos and status updates about their personnel experiences on Facebook, Twitter etc. Figure 12: Technographics ladder: Consumer Behavior in Social Networking Source: Forrester Research, 2006 Internet ticket reservation has been accelerated by social media as most of the airline consumers are selling and promoting their tickets using social networks. E.g, JetBlueCheeps: A Twitter stream devoted to last-minute fares sales. There are uncontrollable events which cannot be prevented such as weather delays, union strikes etc. which causes a negative impression on the minds of the customers. Therefore the airline sites should be able to address such situations. E.g., The CEO of JetBlue went on Youtube and addressed the concerns of the people due to Snow storm delays which occurred on the 14th February 2007 which received a positive feedback. Why consumers are involving in Social networking With the availability of many touch points the consumers can make correct decisions with referrals and recommendations. Although there are some voices withholding assents with regards to social media as a marketing tool, social media have essential applications for customer relationship management programs, marketing campaigns and public relations activities. The following diagram describes how the Airline consumers are involving with social networking sites. Figure 13: Airline Consumer Involvement in Social Networking Benefits of social networking to the airline consumers Share their own ideas and plan trips with more ease Travel applications have been introduced by social networks such as TripIt and Dopplr Purchase air tickets at a low rate and get further discounts from social networking sites Disintermediation such as Travel agents More convenience and less time consuming to make the correct decision Get additional information about airline brands Greater expectations of customer service and managing relationships Free availability of valuable information Findings and Discussions Social Media platforms improve reach and promote campaign messages and airline industry activities. Through the research it has been identified it will be able to capture the public mood, emotion and knowledge about airline related issues. This will enable a range of opportunities to tailor messages and engage the public in a conversation about airline promotions with transparency which would improve loyalty and trust. Creating of a Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Blog or forum under a company name is not social networking (Hernandez, June 2010). Presently most of the airlines have social networking but apart from few airlines majority are not doing active social networking which means they dont practice social networking components to build their market. Following are the few examples of how some major players actively engage in social networking. October 5th 2010 Malaysia Airlines won the Best Use Of Social Media To Drive Revenue Award at the inaugural Simpliflying-Airline Business Social Media Excellence Awards for Airlines. (Malaysia Airlines, 2010) As per facts/statistics that have been published in the previous chapters, the consumer behavior is changing very rapidly towards social media. In order to cope with these changes airline companies needs to have good strategies and specified skills from their marketing experts. (Please refer Recommendation section for further details.) Besides the famous conventional social networking sites there are airline specific websites, forums and blogs in different languages such as Tripadvisor.com, Flying.org, Aerhub.com, genflylounge.com, and Aircollector.com, etc With the ever shrinking global differences and the ever evolving technology highway, the airline industry has great potential to expand as the global opportunities have increased and the world is becoming a local market for all the businesses. This has paved way to increased travel opportunities, which could be targeted efficiently through the increased use of social media. Summary of the Research Paper According to the literature review, social media plays a significant role in the modern marketing world. Although there are some voices withholding assents with regards to social media as a marketing tool, it has essential applications for customer relationship management programs, marketing campaigns and public relations activities. As most of the Airline companies have not embraced social networking prominently there are potential opportunities which the Airline industry can snatch and make Social media as a marketing tool. With the emergence of social networking and mobile phenomenon behaviors, attitudes of customers are changing rapidly as they are looking forward for more convincing and unique customer services. To facilitate this fundamental change Airline companies must have to build a strong strategic response which can increase their company goodwill, market share and image by attracting more consumers. Special set of skills, attitudes and behaviors needs to be adapted by marketing professionals in the industry to make the best out of social networking. More research is required to articulate the accurate impact of social media on consumer awareness, behavioral change, nature of competition and B2B opportunities. Coordination of social media material and collaboration with airline companies at all levels of the government will become increasingly critical. Recommendations Social networking: Building the Airline industry Market Social networking has been able to revolutionize many industries by helping to build market share and earn more revenue since it can be used as a marketing tool. Airline companies would greatly benefit through social networking since it has a greater visibility into the customer needs and their opinions and facilitate quick and direct interaction. In 2007 the use of social networking deeply became popular among the internet users. (Nilesen, 2009). By the Airline industry, Social media marketing is taking off in a major way with sites like Facebook and Twitter E.g., Westjet have been investing in Facebook and Twitter during the past six months for opening and enhancing communication with the consumers (Field, 2008). Strategic Response to Emerge As a Social Marketing Pioneer Even though majority of airlines havent embraced social networking utterly, components of it such as online advertising is being used since longtime ago. Advertising will not be a good strategic response to emerge social networking in the airline industry. In order to reply to this fundamental macro theme the airline industry must have a proper strategy to get the potential of this which will open up new opportunities. According to a new forecast from ZenithOptimedia (www.zenithoptimedia.com), online-marketing will account for a greater proportion in the global ad sector in 2012 than it does now-17.1 per cent of overall ad spending in two years time compared with 12.7 per cent in 2009. Creating a buzz around services is the requirement for airline companies. It doesnt start from creating a Blog or creating a video, its a social media strategy that encompasses social media and word-of-mouth marketing. There are so many social marketing tools that can be used to fulfill the potential of internet business. Figure 14: Development of Strategies (Sims and Smith, 2003) According to the above mentioned framework when developing a strategy, Airline companies should consider three factors mainly. What Basis?: Every Airline company defines their basis (corporate main purpose) when it has been started such as cost leadership, differentiation, cost differentiation focus according to Porters generic strategy. Which Direction?: As social networking has become a frontier in communication, usage of proper social media can change the direction of Airline companies. According to many authors, consumers are embracing new media experiences with a staggering speed. How?: Airlines need to develop a technological savvy skill in order to drive the growth of social networking in terms of market development. This means that the marketing professionals should develop their skills and behavior in response to the emerged macro environmental theme. (Refer chapter 8.2 for further details) According to the Ansoff Matrix, by becoming a social media leader, Airline companies can develop their market since it is highly penetrated. Figure 15: Ansoff Matrix for the Airline Industry (Ansoffs, 1957) There are so many categorizations with the industry such as budget, low cost, premium, national and regional, etc. Requirements will always be different to each other. Following are the main factors that airlines should consider before compiling a market development strategy. What is the pitch and the strategic intentions Anticipation of the market development initiative (Awareness, sales and loyalty) Current Relationship with the passengers How is the current behavior in terms of social media The ways you are going to address them to build the market Execution and Identifying success Most of the airline companies are using traditional digital marketing steps such as email campaigns, online banners, etc. To get the use of social media they need to use digital marketing moderately in a different way. Figure 16: Change in Online Marketing Usage/Spending in 2009 (Source: Ad-Olgy Research, 2008) New Cynosure for Market Building, Customer Service and Goodwill A Market development strategy should be mainly backed up by social networking components. With this strategy more results with a less marketing budget can be expected than traditional marketing procedures. Many airline companies accept social media as emerging and a proper digital marketing tool. Figure 17: Social Networking Components (The Digital EcoSystem) (Infuz Whitepaper, 2010) How Social Media helps to build the Airline Market Figure 18: Traditional Process vs. Social Networking Process The following section will describe how social networking can be used as a prominent marketing tool to develop the market according to Ansoffs Market development strategy Identification of New Segments: Social networking has been used by many consumer segments which will enable to identify new customer segments other than targeting offline. (Please refer Figure 19) Take advantage: Opportunities to reach an audience would be by Blogging, Twittering and maintaining Facebook fan sites which would ease the decision making process and allow them to share ideas. Spark discussions: With social media, companies can interact with their customers regarding their thoughts about the operations of the company. Channels should be kept distinct: Channels such as blogs, Twitter, Facebook etc. can be used for spreading news, promotions etc. and enable the users to visit different outlets rather than sticking to one. Composition: It consists of the means which the message should be delivered such as channels, digital tools etc. Exposure: Once the digital tools are selected the organization needs to find the ways these tools need to be implemented. Content Ideas: This consists of the process in which the organization ensures that the public receives the message which can be through news feeds, promotions etc. Monitoring and Controlling: Gaining control and continuous monitoring of digital medium activities against set KPIs. Have fun: There should be fun as a team and it should help the company to position them as friendly, customer driven and a convenience Airline. Figure 19: Social Networking Site User Segments (Ofcom, 2008) How the Marketing Professionals Should Adapt to the Change As per the above discussions, social networking is emerging rapidly without any obstacles. Social networking components can be used as digital marketing tools such as online advertising, sharing, blogging, etc to increase the market share and brand loyalty. To keep competitive sales, marketing professionals need to keep their skills up-to-date and effective (Victor et al, 2009). Todays economical condition is extremely different to that of five, ten or twenty years ago. Long complex proposals and contracts are the norm these days. According to Cheverton (2004) there are few important skill types that marketing professionals should acclimatize according to the macro environmental changes occurring rapidly. Those are Communication Skills, Social Skills, Flexibility, Openness to Diversity, Thinking Skills, Personal Development and Learning Skills. Social media marketing will be unsuccessful if it doesnt match with the corporate culture or people are resistant to change. Following are the few of new skills, attitudes and behaviors which requires to be adapted by marketing professionals. Figure 20: Social Networking Skills, Attitudes and Behaviors Marketers should offer various competitive prices, promotions, and tactics in order to build their market. Skill/Attitude/Behavior Description Expert researchers A deep research would provide information for making the correct decisions and overlay a solid platform for doing the required tasks in order to develop a simple tactic or a social media plan. Business acumen The requirement for the growth of the business needs to be figured out and acumen social media tactics will fulfill it. Strategic thinking and planning If the company wants to target the right group of people, it is very essential to think beyond single tactics and instead take all the tactics which can help to achieve the objectives. Strong journalistic writing and storytelling Communication leads to success in social media which in turn creates an opportunity for businesses to share their stories directly with the people. Video/Image production Videos and images should be uploaded on social networking sites to attract consumers. Innovative and Creative Innovative ideas needs to be generated in terms of advertising, networking, connecting people, etc. Relationship development Social media relationship development is all about the value the brand can give to others rather than the benefit others can give to the brand. Experts in social media platforms Expert knowledge in social media should be adapted by marketing professionals to build their company. Self-Directed Learning In order to stay competitive in the market, further learning about social media can be completed by supporting groups and discussions, reading blogs and visiting sales training web sites. Restive Curiosity People in every industry are very curious and restless regarding new developments and are always finding new alternative ways to accomplish tasks. Analysis of Included References Source Description Credibility Reliability Merits Relevance Principles of Marketing This book looks at the major decisions that marketing Managers face in their efforts to balance an organizations objectives Many peer reviews specially from industry experts, CEOs Authors: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong, John A. Saunders (Written by well know masters in the marketing arena) High Marketing in Travel and Tourism This book aims to guide and support readers through the complexities of tourism marketing in the 21st Century. The report has been reviewed and used content for other publications Illustration: 4 Editions Butterworth-Heinemann (well known publisher) Authors: Victor Middleton has been an independent management consultant, academic and author since 1984. Professor at Oxford Brookes University and the University of Central Lancashire. Medium Journal of Marketin

Peel’s Policies Toward Irealnd Essay

Peel’s policies towards Ireland seem to swing backwards and forwards over the period 1829-46; he supported Catholic emancipation in 1829, yet his policy of coercion seems distinctly repressive, and this was then followed by conciliation, which could be considered reforming. Peel had to tread a thin line between firmness and assertion of authority without alienating any potential Catholic support. However, on balance we can consider that his policies were more reforming than repressive. Peel’s support of Catholic emancipation in 1829 shows the reforming side of his policy. He supported it against a huge amount of scepticism from his own party and did it in the belief that it was for the good of the union – he thought it was a greater risk to refuse to satisfy their demands than to grant them. However, the restriction that Catholic emancipation placed on the franchise meant that it carried with reform an element of repression. Peel’s Tamworth Manifesto of 1834 showed moderate support for reform, but did not commit the Tory party to anything and certainly didn’t advocate anything on the scale of Catholic emancipation. Peel’s early reformist attitude had all but disappeared by the 1841 election, where his party emphasised their traditional position as the defenders of the established Church. During his second ministry, Peel’s policy of Coercion was clearly quite repressive. Faced with a problem in Ireland that he considered a greater threat to British Authority than Chartism had ever posed, he made an announcement in parliament that he would ‘crush any attempt to break the union with armed force.’ This aggressive statement was the start of Peel’s more repressive policy in Ireland. The Irish Arms act of 1843, which gave the Authorities in Ireland greater powers and banned Catholics from owning guns, was very stringent and can therefore be considered repressive, but it can be seen that it was a necessary move in order to prevent more violence in Ireland. Peel’s decision t ban the meeting at Clontarf can also be seen as repressive. O’Connell had organised many large scale demonstrations before which had not been seen to pose a significant threat, but the British government interpreted it as an incitement to illegality. Over half a million people were expected to turn up and the government knew about it well in advance; however by banning it just the day before it was due to take place, Peel dealt a heavy blow to O’Connell. Thousands of Irish people were already on their way to the demonstration and O’Connell had to tell them all to turn back. On top of this, despite not having done anything illegal, O’Connell was then arrested for sedition, tried and found guilty by an all protestant jury. This is perhaps the most openly repressive thing that Peel did in the period. This incident proved to be the turning point in O’Connell’ political career; despite later being released from prison he never regained his full authority and subsequently his repeal movement began to fall apart. This was a clear victory for Peel’s defence of the union, and gave him great support within the Conservative Party. However, Peel was convinced that a population that was more than 80% Catholic could not be coerced indefinitely and in early 1844 asserted that whilst the union itself was still the overriding objective, ‘Equality of treatment for Protestant and Catholic Citizens was necessary’ so that the Irish middle classes could be persuaded of the benefits of it. Peel’s plan of conciliation sought to improve relations and win this crucial support within Ireland. The first step that showed Peel taking a more reforming line was to remove the staunch protestant defender de Gray as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was replaced by Lord Heytesbury, who was happy to follow Peel’s policy of giving Catholics equal opportunities in government. This showed not just willingness for change, but also would eventually lead to more Catholics in the civil service and magistracy; thereby lessening the chance that disaffected Irishmen would turn to the Nationalist cause instead. This willingness for change was shown again in the setting up of the Devon Commission. Setting it up in the first place was an act of great courage – the opinion of the time was that it was a landlord’s right to do as he wished without interference – and therefore shows a real attempt at reform by Peel, although it never came to fruition. Peel further tried to win over the Irish Catholics with the charitable bequests bill of 1844. It plainly displayed the goodwill of Peel’s administration to the Catholic Church. Peel saw the support of the Irish Catholic Church as something incredibly important; it had an essentially conservative nature and there was no ideological reason why its support should be blocked, as it wasn’t linked to the nationalists or revolutionaries, and therefore Peel thought it important for them to be ‘on-side’. This religious aspect was further tackled in the Maynooth Bill. He was convinced that in its current state, Maynooth was attracting the wrong sort, and by giving money for its improvement and increasing its annual grants, he was not only showing a positive attitude to the Catholic Church, but also ensuring that the new priests were not likely to support the revolutionaries or nationalists. Peel’s Irish Colleges Bill continued this programme of reform by setting up un-sectarian colleges, with the aim of ensuring that there would be more educated Catholics who would be eligible for the newly available jobs in the Civil service. However, this was in the face of requests for Catholic colleges from the priests, something that Peel flatly refused to consider. With the coming of the potato famine in 1845, Peel found even greater problems in Ireland, which lead to further reform. Peel’s worry about the dependency on the potato was justified, and many people in Ireland were starving. Peel made the decision to try and repeal the Corn Laws. He faced huge opposition from his own party at the suggestion, yet the Bill was passed with Whig support. This is the most reforming one of Peel’s policies towards Ireland; however, there is the suggestion that his hand was forced politically. Overall, the evidence suggests that although there were some repressive elements to Peel’s Irish policy, namely the period of Coercion, the majority of his policy can be considered as more reforming, as he acted to try and change and improve the conditions in Ireland and the relationships between Britain and Ireland. This is shown by Peel’s reasoning that in order to preserve the Union (which was to him the most important matter), the Irish would have to be treated fairly and be shown the benefits of it.

Essay about Organic Agriculture - 991 Words

The origins of organic agriculture can be traced back to northern Europe in the 1920’s, however it was not until recently that the movement gained attention and the debate between organic verses conventional agriculture began. The organic movement started because of increasing concern about the environment and food quality which are still the two main topics of the debate today. Unfortunately, in terms of food quality, it is difficult to prove that organic products are healthier than conventionally grown products. This is not because of a lack of information since there have been many studies conducted about: the health effects of eating genetectly modified produce, consumption of chemical residue and the nutritional value of†¦show more content†¦The fertility of soil is dependent on the amount of topsoil which contains most of the nutrients and organic matter. Erosion leads to runoff that washes away the topsoil and organic matter forcing farmers to use synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to increase the soils fertility. The runoff then carries these fertilizers and other dangerous chemicals which can contaminate local bodies of water. Synthetic fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides cannot be used in organic agriculture so organic fertilizers such as manure and compost and natural processes are used for soil management. Some organic soil management techniques include mulching, cover cropping and crop rotation. According to Scialabba, using these techniques will â€Å"improve soil structure and therefore increase the soils water infiltration and retention capacity, substantially reducing the risk of erosion† (34). The use of organic fertilizers and less erosion means that the soil on organic farms has more topsoil and organic matter making them more fertile and better for the environment. Biodiversity is essential to environmental health because it ensures sustainability and there are many free biological benefits that can be gained from a large variety of species. Biodiversity creates sustainable agriculture because it allows the system to perform independently of external recourses. There exists many natural phenomenon that farmers can take advantage of and incorporate into all aspects of agriculture.Show MoreRelatedOrganic Vs. Organic Agriculture1376 Words   |  6 PagesObservers of agriculture have noted the increase in popularity for organic products. However, is it possible for this growth in the organic industry to be sustainable and profitable? Some notable studies include, yield, price premium, demand, cost, etc. In this paper, organic to conventional agriculture will be investigated. Given that organic agriculture is still in its infancy, demand for organics will continue to grow despite for lower yield and higher premium cost. 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The day thoughRead MoreOrganic Farming is a Sustainable System of Agriculture1793 Words   |  7 Pages THESIS STATEMENT: Research suggests that organic farming is a sustainable system of agriculture because it builds a toxin free biologically diverse ecosystem, controls soil erosion, and enhances the quality of air and water by reducing the hazardous chemicals. Annotation: Source-1: Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (n.d.). Environmental benefits of organic agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/ This source isRead MoreOrganic Agriculture And Developing Optimal Management Strategies For Organic Production832 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping new small grain crop varieties specifically bred for organic agriculture and developing optimal management strategies for organic production are expected to solve some of the primary challenges faced by organic small grain farmers, which will lead to an increase in organic farm profitability. In addition, we will train and prepare the future graduate students who will contribute to enhancing organic agriculture in the future. Significance of the proposed research With the rising interestRead MoreThe Great Laws Of Nature : Indigenous Organic Agriculture784 Words   |  4 Pagesyour food† goes the slogan by organic farmers to promote the consumption of locally grown food through organic frelated to survival and subsistence for many people worldwide. Based on these seven UNESCO criteria, organic farmers’ knowledge would qualify as indigenous knowledge (Sumner, 2006). In resonance with the understanding of organic knowledge as indigenous knowledge, a Canadian documentary video, titled â€Å"the great laws of nature: indigenous organic agriculture† reflects and confirms the conceptRead MoreGraduation Internship Report On Potato Institute Of Organic Agriculture3228 Words   |  13 Pages AMITY INSTITUTE OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT PROJECT TITLE: COURSE: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Food Business NAME OF STUDENT: ENROLLMENT NO: A1425913016 SEMESTER: 3RD BATCH: 2013-2017 TRAINING PERIOD: TRAINING GUIDE: FACULTY GUIDE: Faculty Guide Student Amity University Uttar Pradesh Campus, Block-J3, Ground Floor, Sector – 125, Noida – 201303, U.P. (INDIA)Read MoreOrganic Food : The United States Department Of Agriculture753 Words   |  4 PagesInterest in organic food has been increasing over the past decade. The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) defines the term organic as:â€Å"... a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods † (â€Å"Consumer Information,† 2014, para. 1). In fact, consumers have become aware about food quality, and this has increased the sales of organic foods. According to The Organic Trade Association (2011), organic food sales have been identified

Gender Roles And Gender Equality Essay - 1221 Words

This paper will discuss gender roles and gender equality in today’s society in comparison to the society of the first, second, and third waves of feminism. Present-day society should be growing in order to be conscious of individuals who voice themselves as male, bisexual, transgender, female, queer, intersex, lesbian, other, the list is unlimited. However, society is unfortunately stuck in a black and white world and does not want to change; this essentially makes it difficult for those who are deemed as unacceptable because they do not conform the â€Å"black and white, female/male† world. Problems regarding gender do not just stop at roles; society also has a setback with gender equality. Unfortunately, this predicament started in the first wave of feminism (19th century) and still occurs in the real world as well as the virtual world through commercials, magazines, and social media, etc. To be particular, major magazine companies such as Cosmopolitan represent stereotypes of the roles women should be representing. Cosmopolitan is navigated towards the female audience while a Men’s Health magazine is directed towards male readers. By simply having each company geared towards one gender shows the gender roles society wants us to coincide with; both of these magazine corporations express the roles of each gender. The covers of Cosmopolitan magazine articles frequently use the words: sex life, diet, and weight loss, which are usually the largest words on the cover. The magazineShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Equality And Gender Roles1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe world one lives in it happens to grasp that all humans are designed as equals. This is far-off from reality based on how this society is operating. The principle of equality does not imply that everyone is the same, nevertheless that everyone should be treated as equals unless special circumstances apply. W hen it comes to the two sexes, everything that comes in its bounds is either biased intentionally or unintentionally, either way it continues. One could be aware of the characteristics andRead MoreRole Of The National Government And Gender Equality Essay2014 Words   |  9 PagesRole of the National Government †¢ Gender equality should be the prime agenda------ governments do not consider gender equality as a priority, gender equality issues are missing from the budgeting process, and women are not present in the financial, peace, and international negotiations, structures and obligations. Government need to mobilize around gender equality agendas in order to create sufficient political will to support the equal inclusion of women in political decision-making. †¢ Fix someRead MoreGender Equality In The Role Of Women And Swedens Government1019 Words   |  5 PagesINTRO: Since the 20th century, Sweden have progressively evolved into the 6th highest ranking towards women in parliament yet, Australia has also evolved but ranks 50th for gender equality (Inter-Parliamentary Union 2017). Sweden’s women hold 152 of the 349 seats established for their lower or single house and Australia’s women hold 43 of the 150 seats. A key aspect to think about is why do these two countries vary exponentially in terms of their ranking of seats held by women in the parliament?Read MoreGender equality and gender roles go hand in hand in society. These two concepts complement each1100 Words   |  5 PagesGender equality and gender roles go hand in hand in society. These two concepts complement each other to the extent in which one must know about both to fully understand the capacity of either. Gender roles are roles each sex is given. These are stereotypical things. Gender is how people are seen by society. This is imprinted in the brain at a young age and is formed and molded through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood. Each stage comes with different ideas about gender and powerRead MoreGender Roles : Women s Rights On The Ground Of Political, Social And Economic Equality1531 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism isa loaded term. Defined as the advocacy of woman’s rights on the ground of political, social and economic equality to men, feminism has become a movement for woman to have the same rights and respect as men, but just as racism is still relevant, so is the inequality of woman because of stereotypical gender roles. Woman have alway had their role in history, but those roles are often dictated by men. Historically woman have been shown doing woman s work and are defined in terms of theirRead MoreThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. Many1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. M any women are killed because of the â€Å"Honor crimes†. Women cannot have an abortion easily. Also, they cannot go out alone or live alone either. There are too many situations that women face in Turkey. Also women have rights to bodily integrity and autonomy, vote, work with fair wages or equal pay, own property, education and have marital and parental rights. Even most of their rights are protected by legalRead MoreGender Equality : Equal Appreciation Of The Various Roles Expected By Men And Women Of Society1920 Words   |  8 PagesThe term ‘Gender Equality’ designates the equal appreciation of the various roles expected by men and women of society. It strives to overcome prejudice and discrimination against both men and women so that they are equally acknowledged in social, political, cultural and economic expansions within society. Although gender equality has been acknowledged as human rights’ principles since the implementation of charter of Unite d Nations in 1945, we are still nowhere near reaching ultimate gender equalityRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1250 Words   |  5 Pagesto adopt gender blind equality since banishing women from the workforce would be equivalent to wasting half of the city’s resources. Regardless of whether it was intentional, Plato’s ideal society adopts a form of gender equality that was radically ahead of its time. The contrasts between Kallipolis and the United States are stark. On the issue of gender equality I believe that the United States could learn from the model of Kallipolis. Plato’s society exhibits a form of gender equality that AmericaRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1255 Words   |  6 PagesHowever feminism maintains that women are treated in an unfair ways. Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs, this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobilityRead MoreGender And Gender Differences974 Words   |  4 PagesGender differences are fascinating in the way that one must fit through the assumptions and inevitable con fusion to distinguish the reality of the assumption. Men and women are obviously different, inherently but not in what they can and cannot do. Men and women are different and have different roles because this is society presented them to the world. Women have it the most difficult. There should be equality among all men and women of all race and ethnicity. This is a never-ending issue. We as

Types Of Tumor Affects The Brain - 1083 Words

Abstract: Brain is one of the vital organ in human body, it has an extensive capillary network which is highly vascularized. The brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs), astrocytes, pericytes and neuron forms the blood brain barrier (BBB) [1]. There are several types of tumor affects the brain, one such type of tumor is Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most frequent and aggressive form of primary tumor found in central nervous system, the world health organization (WHO) defined GBM as grade IV astrocytoma [2]. Therefore, this urge us to propose a novel technique to treat GBM. Carrier- Graphene oxide xxxxxxxxxxx, silica nanocapsules, xxxxxxxxxxx, drugs- Doxorubicin XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, tetrandrine XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, targeting ligands – chlorotoxin, xxxxxxxx transferrin xxxxxxxxxxxx (Zeng please fill this) And then test for characterization, invitro and invivo for synthesized nanocomplex. Aim: The overall aim of this proposal is to synthesis a biocompatible nanocomplex which as an ability to pass through the BBB and specifically to treat GBM by sustained drug release. Then, to study the synergistic reinforced effect of two drugs and their resistance against fast clearance. Herein, we hypothesis, that our synthesized nanocomplex will have increased bioavailability of drugs, increased specificity for BBB and GBM, reduced drug side effects and finally, has targeted and sustained drug release. As illustrated in figure 1 the synthesized nanocomplexShow MoreRelatedEssay What are Tumors and How Can They Affect the Brain?1464 Words   |  6 Pagesdoctor found a benign, tumor within my friend’s brain at the age of thirteen, but he is now twenty-four years old and as healthy as ever. My father is the other person I know who had a tumor. A team of doctors found his tumor when he was thirty-nine years old; I was only four years old at the time. His was also benign but it was within a different spot of his brain, unfortunately he passed away twelve years after he found out he had it. What are brain tumors? Brain tumors are masses of cells thatRead MoreEpendymoma- Brain Tumor1504 Words   |  6 PagesEpendymoma is a type of brain tumor and while it is rare in adults, accounting for 2-3% of brain tumors, ependymoma is mainly found in children and accounts for around 5% of all childhood brain cancers (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2014, January 31; American Brain Tumor Association [ABTA], n.d.). The survival rate of patients with ependymoma who have survived five years after their tumor is detected is 75% Tumors occur when cells grow to excess and form a mass. While some tumors are benign, meaningRead MoreHow Does Homeostasis Affect Homeostasis1413 Words   |  6 Pages Affects on Homeostasis When biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival is Homeostasis. Homeostasis is kept in order by dynamic equilibrium, in which changes occur, but resists outside forces of change. However when a system is disturbed, feedback mechanisms control take action to reestablish a new balance. Homeostasis is important because by maintaining homeostasis, organisms remain healthy, strong and stable, with protection fromRead MoreRight Hemisphere And Relative Impairments1661 Words   |  7 Pageshemisphere of the brain is the â€Å"language hemisphere.† However, very few people know that the right hemisphere is also an important contributor to speech, language, and communication. Right hemisphere syndrome is a lesion in the right hemisphere of the brain that results from factors such as stokes, tumors, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological diseases (Blake, 2010). What is Stroke? Human’s body is a mechanism that constantly requires energy in order to function properly. The brain is the organRead MoreThe Effects of Tobacco on the Human Body788 Words   |  3 Pagesbronchitis. In addition, one of the problems after smoking is the inability to become pregnant. Tobacco use kills victims. (Health Effects) Tobacco is addictive and it is hard to quit. Tobacco has more than 4,000 chemicals in it. Fifty of these cause many types of cancers. Using Tobacco and being pregnant is very lethal to the infant and later the mother. Tobacco slowly kills many adults and children each day. Nursing while smoking can also cause complications to the baby and to others around. (Tobacco Facts)Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Epilepsy1275 Words   |  6 PagesSeizures There are many chronic conditions that can affect people today with one such condition being epilepsy. This disease does not only affect a person physiologically but also affects how they interact with others, perform activities of daily living and the basic needs of a person, such as, driving or maintaining a job. The overall affects of this tragic and chronic disease is it can negatively affect a person’s confidence and therefore affect their basic life choices. Within this paper there willRead More The Effects of a Tumor on the Family Members Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of a Tumor on the Family Members A tumor that is specifically in the frontal cortex can cause many changes physically and emotionally which can affect the way you interact with your family. Some of the functions of the frontal lobe are attention, abstract thought, problem solving, intelligence, creative thought, initiative inhibition, judgment, mood, major body movements, bowel and bladder control, memory and reasoning (retrieved from www.ect.org. What this meansRead MoreWhat Are Oncolytic Viruses?1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthe cancerous cell explodes. This releases the virus, tumor specific agents, and GM-CSF. This causes the immune system to recognize cancerous cells and fight them with the help of the virus. 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According to the study that was made in London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Queen Mary, University of London showed thatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1528 Words   |  7 PagesINRODUCTION Oncology, a branch of science that deals with tumors and cancer, has always looked at cancer and its treatment through a biological lens. Cancer is a disease that develops when cells abnormally divide and multiply without control (Depression and Cancer). The treatment of cancer includes, but is not limited to, chemotherapy. This treatment aims to shrink tumors that result from unnecessary cells that keep dividing and multiplying. As chemotherapy only focuses on the biological treatment

The Louvre Free Essays

With a surface of 210,000 m2 of them are devoted to exhibitions. This museum holds 35,000 masterpieces and eight different collections. To be able to visit the entire museum I had to go several times and take over from where I left. We will write a custom essay sample on The Louvre or any similar topic only for you Order Now What really fascinated me and grab my attention is the Egyptian antiquity section. I was charmed about this because it had all the details about the volution and life style of this wonderful and fascinating culture and civilization. I’m personally very interested in studying the Egyptian civilization and knowing all the aspect of this culture and this exhibition gathered all the necessary information that I needed and I asked to have. The evolution of this civilization was in front of me in the same place. It was a dream that became a reality. I had all the tools that they used In their dally lives In front of me, I couldn’t believe my eyes. I was watching their dresses and their makeup and Jewelry. I was fascinated about their Inventions and creations that Inspired us and still Inspiring us till today. The Department of Egyptian Antiquities at the Louvre museum houses a major Egyptologlcal collections of the world with 50,000 rooms. This section covered every single detail about this amazing people. The collection covers all periods of ancient Egyptian civilization since the time of Nagada to the Roman and Coptic Egypt. Among the most famous exhibits found at the time of Nagada knife Gebel el-Arak and the range of hunting. The major piece of art illustrating the time thinite is the stele of King Snake. Among all exposed sarcophagi, one finds that of Dioscorides, a Greek general during the reign of Ptolemy VI who decided to be buried according to ancient Egyptian local customs, choosing to do make a sarcophagus. This proved the power of this civilization and how It Influenced others clvlllzatlons. I also liked the Islamic art section since It’s about my religion. The Department of Islamic Art from the Louvre, stablished in August 2003, brings together the collections from an area between Spain and India, dating from the origins of Islamic civilization (622) until the nineteenth century. This department includes several gems of Islamic art: the al- Pyxis Mughira an ivory box dated Spanish 968, the flat peacock, an important Ottoman ceramics, especially the baptistery of St. Louis, one of the most famous pieces and most enigmatic of all Islamic art, created by Muhammad ibn al-Zayn the early fourteenth century. Since 22 September 2012, Islamic art are exhibited at the Louvre in the Cour Visconti. This space allows the display of 3000 works from the collections of the Louvre, but also the Mus ©e des Arts d ©coratifs. It is remarkable how this section take place under a canopy with undulating shapes, recalling from the architects Marlo Belllnl and Rudy Ricclottl a â€Å"dragonfly wing† or a â€Å"flying carpet†. Vlsltlng this museum was a very enriching and fascinating experience where I learned a lot of new things about the civilization that I’m most passionate about and my own rellglon How to cite The Louvre, Papers

Human Cloning Essay Example For Students

Human Cloning Essay Cloning The first thing that must be cleared up is what is cloning, and what is a clone. A clone is an organism derived asexually from a single individual by cuttings, bulbs, tubers, fission, or parthenogenesis reproduction (Cloning, 1997). Pathogenesis reproduction is the development of an organism from an unfertilized ovum, seed or spore (Pathogenesis, 1997). So cloning, biologically speaking, is any process in which production of a clone is successful. Therefore, the biological term cloning is the production of a genetically identical duplicate of an organism. However, people can use the word cloning to intend other meanings. For instance, we generalize many older and new techniques as cloning. This is not a good practice because these techniques are different and impose unique concerns and issues. In the world of scientific technology, cloning is the artificial production of organisms with the same genetic material. Scientists actually call the transferring of a nucleus from the cell of one organism to an enucleated egg cell, nuclear transfer (Wilmut 811). This will produce an organism that has the exact genetic material as that of the donor cell. Scientists are using current techniques exceedingly more, and with a variety of species. Astonishingly, more clones are present in the world than one would think. In nature, and even in the lives of humans, clones are present. As stated earlier, a clone is an organism that has the same genetic information as another organism. From this we can say that cloning occurs with all plants, some insects, algae, unicellular organisms that conduct mitosis or binary fission, and occasionally by all multi-cellular organisms, including humans. Monozygotic twins, or identical twins, are clones of each other. They have the same exact genetic information due to the division of an embryo early in development, which produces two identical embryos. About eight million identical twins are alive in the world; thus, already eight million human clones inhabit the world. Today, the only cloning research is occurring in scientific model organisms. These are organisms that research scientists from around the globe have collected abundant amounts of data. All this data is necessary so that advancements in research can continue more efficiently. The most common scientifi c models are E. coli, mice, fruit flies, and frogs. The first organisms that were cloned using nuclear transfer were frogs. This is because they have large egg cells and scientists can obtain up to two thousand of them from one ovulation. (McKinnel 79) Successful cloning has occurred with livestock. The drive toward success is not because livestock like cows and sheep are model organisms. Instead, the farming industry has made and continues to make a big effort toward finding a way to implement the technique of nuclear transfer for livestock. Research in cloning is also occurring in primates. The reason for studying primates is the similarities with humans. This leads us to the most talked about aspects of cloning, the use of the techniques with human cells and eggs. Cloning of humans in a biological sense already has and is occurring. Scientists are researching by splitting embryos to execute experiments to find data relating to cell differentiation, the use of stem cells, and gene tic screening. Amazingly, genetic screening is occurring in Britain quite often. Fertility clinics aim this service toward couples where the mother or father has a genetic disorder. A fertility clinic will clone an embryo, and then test it for genetic disorders. If the embryo tests negative for genetic disorders, then the fertility clinic implants a clone of that embryo. This should guarantee that the child would not have any genetic disorders. (Benoit 2) Amazingly, the first attempts at artificial cloning were as early as the beginning of this century. Adolph Eduard Driesch allowed the eggs of a sea urchin develop into the two-blastomere stage. Then he separated it by shaking it in a flask and allowing them to grow. The cells developed into dwarf sea urchins. Driesch could not explain his experiments and gave up embryology for philosophy (McKinnel 19). During the late seventies and early eighties, there were few scientists still studying cloning. Many had predicted that it was impo ssible to clone embryonic mammal cells. Few continued with research. Many gave up and went into other fields. However, some persisted and were rewarded for their efforts. Gay Parenting Controversy EssayCloning could also directly offer a means of curing diseases or a technique that could extend means to acquiring new data for embryology and development of organisms as a whole. Scientists foresee the cloning of pigs to produce organs that humans will not reject (Wills 22). Also, as mentioned earlier, livestock can produce biological proteins helping people who have diseases including diabetes, Parkinsons, and Cystic Fibrosis (Kolata 2). Cloning also provides better research capabilities for finding cures to many diseases. There are also possibilities that nuclear transfer could provide benefits to those who would like children. For instance, couples that are infertile, or have genetic disorders, could use cloning to produce a child. Equally important, women who are single could have a child using cloning instead of in-vitro fertilization. Nuclear transfer could also provide children who need organ transplants to have a clone born to donate organs. Cl oning could also provide a copy of a child for a couple whose child had died. Cloning does offer some negative affects it could have to life. The biggest problem with asexual reproduction is that genetic diversity becomes limited. If a population of organisms has the same genetic information, then the disease would wipe out the population. This is because not one organism has an advantage of fighting the disease over the other. The technique of nuclear transfer is also early in its developmental stages. Thus, errors are occurring when scientists carry out the procedure. For instance, it took 277 tries to produce Dolly, and Roslin scientists produced many lambs with abnormalities (Wilmut 811). This is the main reason science is holding out on cloning humans. I also believe we should not attempt nuclear transfer to produce an adult human until the technique is perfected. Other arguments for cloning include if we are taking nature into our own hands by cloning. Religious organizations consider nuclear transfer to cause men to be reproductively obsolete (Post 19). Religious groups claim that cloning defies the rule or their belief that humans have souls. They also consider cloning unnatural, and say we are taking the work of God into our own hands. People question when we will draw the line for getting involved in natural events (Bruce 1). There is also a debate as to the moral rights of clones. Some say this will occur because there is no birth of newness (Post 19). We would not receive clones with such excitement as a child of a couple that conceived naturally. If natural reproduction were to occur, genetic variation would occur. They say cloning would deprive someone to have any perception of uniqueness. They argue that identical twins are not unique from each other. However, they are new in genetic variation and unique from anything that came before them. People also wonder what mental and emotional problems would result if a clone were to find out that he or she was cloned. So anyone who argues that cloning disregards the laws of God and the souls of humans, they should reconsider their views. Cloning does not artificially produce copies of adult humans. Nuclear transfer is the artificial making of an embryo that will develop into an identical twin. No machine that can produce carbon-copy humans when performing nuclear transfer is involved. At this point, I believe we should not use cloning. However, if we are to venture into cloning we must make many precautions. I think the best way to do this is to research the consequences. Yet, I do not believe cloning of animals is acceptable. Thus, I do not think we should conduct cloning experiment on animals. In summary, cloning is ethical, unless there is lack of respect for the lives of animals and humans, and for the ongoing inhabitation of life on earth. Bibliography Works Cited Kluger, Jeffery. Will we Follow the Sheep? Time Magazine. March 10, 1997 Vol. 149 No.10 The Cloning Controversy. Online Available http://www.sican.com/explorations. September 23, 1998. Ethics on Cloning: The issue at hand. Online Available http://www.time.com/cloning. September 24, 1998. National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Cloning Human Beings. Online Available http://bioethics.gov/pubs.html. September 24, 1998. Price, Joyce. Before There was Dolly, There Were Disasters: Scientists failed to disclose abnormalities. The Washington Times. March 11, 1997. Words/ Pages : 2,159 / 24